evilmac Shakespeares Macbeth - The Main Theme of Evil :: Macbeth essays

Macbeth The Main Theme of Evil  William Shakespeares Macbeth is a play in which a man by the name ofMacbeth, who is presented as a mature man with an uncertain character. At thebeginning of the story, Macbeths character was a character with strong morals.As the play went on though, Macbeths morality lessened immensely. After killingDuncan he was very paranoid and feared the consequences that would arise. Heknew what he had done wrong. In comparing Duncans murder with his best friend,Banquos murder, He was much more relaxed after Banquos death. His charactershifted throughout the play. Macbeth, at this particular did anything to keep hiscr bear, even so far as to getting killed for it I judge that some sort ofanatomy of evil was responsible for Macbeths as well as other characterswrongdoings in the story. Each character in the story had to either fight it orgive into it. In Macbeths case, he fought it and lost, and therefore, gave intoit. The play makes several points about th e nature of evil. One point it makesis that evil is not normal in human nature. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have tosort of trick themselves into murdering Duncan. First, Lady Macbeth has to begevil spirits to tear all human feeling from her (...spirits / That tend onmortal thoughts... Act I, guess V, Lines 41-42 Stop up th accessand passageto remorse / That no compunctious visitings of nature / Shake my fellpurpose...Act I, Scene V, Lines 45-47) and then she has to make Macbethignore his own conscience (Yet do I fear thy nature It is too full o th milkof human kindness To catch the nearest way Act I, Scene V, Lines 17-19) Onceshe has seen her husbands ambition has been inflamed, she is willing to riskanything to help him get the crown. It was as if she were taking her heart outto make her husband king. She has been very successful of modify herself ofhuman feeling. By the end of the play, both characters have been destroyed fromwithin. Fear and guilt drive Lady Macbeth mad Macbeth se es life as an empty,meaningless charade. (His noteworthy speech upon hearing of Lady Macbeths suicideTomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow...Act V, Scene V, Lines 17-28) Thisspeech is less an expression of grief than it is a speech about the meaninglessof life. The second point is that evil disrupted nature itself. In nature, there is atime and a place for everything.

Electing Supreme Court Justices Essay -- American Government

There is a proverb that says, Dont fix what isnt broke. This statement is very likely as true as it is old. But what happens when something is dysfunctional? The something in question is the coveted seat of the domineering Court Justice, which many should know is not a dapple that is obtained from the amazingly widespread routine of elections. Not to let out any spoilers if you were not aware, the chairman is the nominator of Justices to these associate positions and the Senate is the deciding group with a majority vote. I agree with the practice, currently instated because of our Constitution, but can see how some people worry over its effectiveness. There has been one case where a standing Supreme Court Justice has been impeached. This was the allegation of Justice Samuel Chase (Carliner), who served until his death due to his verdict of not guilty in 1805. As opposed to the customary impeachment of the President and select other political leaders, the impeachment of a Justice s ignifies nothing more than the investigation of accused actions of said Justice. The Justice shall serve for life, given that they remain in good behavior in accordance to the Constitution. Gathering from the history of the Supreme Court and its respective Justices, one impeachment, ending without dismissal, in the 221 years of activity is admirable. It would be fair to say that there could be confusion if somebody were to ask you what grounds for the impeachment of a Justice are had you no copy of the Constitution. Nobody has lived extensive enough to witness the impeachment of one, and what would be the point considering Justice Samuel Chase still served to his death. The near perfection of the terms served of every Justice is not the only reason that... ... bicentennial of the Supreme Court itself. Feel free to be surprised if the way we nominate Justices changes anytime soon, because how we have done it so far seems to be works like magic.Works CitedBaker, Peter, and Jeff Zel eny. Obama Picks Kagan as Justice Nominee. Nytimes.com. The New York Times, 09 May 2010. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. .Carliner, Leah. Can Supreme Court Justices Be Impeached? Congress.org. CQ-Roll Call Group, 12 Mar. 2010. Web. 20 Nov. 2010. . mo of Votes Cast Set Record, but Voter Turnout Percentage Didnt. CNN.com. Cable News Network, 06 Nov. 2008. Web. 19 Nov. 2010. .

Opposites Attract in Antony and Cleopatra Essay -- Antony Cleopatra Es

Opposites Attract in Antony and Cleopatra William Shakespe bes Antony and Cleopatra is a play that is centred around a pair of historic lovers from dickens distinct cultures, Mark Antony from Rome and Queen Cleopatra from Egypt. The Roman and Egyptian cultures have vastly different norms and social ideas that are al about complete wintry opposites in nature. These conflicting views are instrumental in the way that Cleopatra and Antony act. These cardinal characters are so great in their respective societies that they serve as models to cheek to, although Antony whitethorn not be e genuinelybodys perfect vision of what a Roman should be. It is also important to look at not only what these two characters intend of their cultures, yet what cultural outsiders think as well. Through all of this, it will be shown how these primarily opposite cultures can function together, and bring together two of the most prominent lovers in all of Shakespeare, if not in all of recorded western h istory. Cleopatra and Antony cannot be seen as average human beings. Never are they set forth in the same manner as Shakespeare would describe others in this play. Each truly is all but everything in himself and herself, and knows it, and neither fears that he or she is in truth nothing in himself or herself, or nothing without the other (Bloom, innovational Critical Interpretations 1). These two are magnificent and mighty characters, in very fearful roles, both in this play and in history. Antony, as one of the triumvirs, is much more than an individual Roman soldier. He is one of the three who include the inherent known world in a powerful authoritative grip. Antony, acknowledges the force and magnitude of his and Cleopatras personalities when he sends a messa... ...rs, 1988. 109-35. Barton, Anne. Natures Piece Gainst Fancy The Divided Catastrophe in Antony and Cleopatra. Modern Critical Interpretations William Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra. Ed. Harold Bloom. New Y ork Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. 35-55. Bloom, Harold, ed. Introduction. Modern Critical Interpretations William Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. ---. Shakespeare The Invention of the Human. New York Riverhead Books, 1998. Kittredge, George Lyman. Introduction. Antony and Cleopatra. By William Shakespeare. Waltham, MA Blaisdell Publishing Company, 1966. Markels, Julian. The Pillar of the world Antony and Cleopatra in Shakespeares Development. Ohio Ohio State University Press, 1968. Shakespeare, William. Antony and Cleopatra. Ed. John Wilders. London Routledge, 1995. Opposites Attract in Antony and Cleopatra Essay -- Antony Cleopatra EsOpposites Attract in Antony and Cleopatra William Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra is a play that is centred around a pair of historical lovers from two distinct cultures, Mark Antony from Rome and Queen Cleopatra from Egypt. The Roman and Egyptian cultures have vastly different no rms and social ideas that are almost complete polar opposites in nature. These conflicting views are instrumental in the way that Cleopatra and Antony act. These two characters are so great in their respective societies that they serve as models to look to, although Antony may not be everybodys perfect vision of what a Roman should be. It is also important to look at not only what these two characters think of their cultures, but what cultural outsiders think as well. Through all of this, it will be shown how these primarily opposite cultures can function together, and bring together two of the most prominent lovers in all of Shakespeare, if not in all of recorded western history. Cleopatra and Antony cannot be seen as average human beings. Never are they described in the same manner as Shakespeare would describe others in this play. Each truly is all but everything in himself and herself, and knows it, and neither fears that he or she is really nothing in himself or herself, or n othing without the other (Bloom, Modern Critical Interpretations 1). These two are magnificent and mighty characters, in very grand roles, both in this play and in history. Antony, as one of the triumvirs, is much more than an individual Roman soldier. He is one of the three who hold the entire known world in a powerful authoritative grip. Antony, acknowledges the force and magnitude of his and Cleopatras personalities when he sends a messa... ...rs, 1988. 109-35. Barton, Anne. Natures Piece Gainst Fancy The Divided Catastrophe in Antony and Cleopatra. Modern Critical Interpretations William Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. 35-55. Bloom, Harold, ed. Introduction. Modern Critical Interpretations William Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. ---. Shakespeare The Invention of the Human. New York Riverhead Books, 1998. Kittredge, George Lyman. Introduction. Antony and Cleopatra. By William Shakespeare. Waltham, MA Blaisdell Publishing Company, 1966. Markels, Julian. The Pillar of the World Antony and Cleopatra in Shakespeares Development. Ohio Ohio State University Press, 1968. Shakespeare, William. Antony and Cleopatra. Ed. John Wilders. London Routledge, 1995.

Human Life And World Essay -- Philosophy Emotions Papers

Human Life And WorldI dispute the claim that the disclosure of the life- ball by phenomenology is an performance of permanent significance. By briefly reviewing the meaning of the world and life-world in the writings of Husserl, Gurwitsch, Schutz-Luckmann, Ortega, Heidegger, Jonas, Straus, Sartre and Merleau-Ponty, I show that they all treat the world, or rather the affairs which comprise it, as passively present whether viewed as a mental acquisition or as the Other. But the meaning of the world-as that wherein are met physical demands upon us which must be satisfied if we are to continue invigoration-cannot be considered either as a mental acquisition or as something that is other and over against us. A living being as living cannot fail to attend to the agency of the affairs of which the life-world consists, as well as ones own exploring and coping actions. If we are to really treat of life, then we must acknowledge the mutual and reciprocal activities of living beings and worl d.Gurwitsch has written that the disclosure of the life-world by phenomenology is an accomplishment of permanent significance. (1974, 12) But is such a claim justifiable? I believe it is not. I shall briefly examine first the way transcendental and then existential phenomenologists understand the meaning of world or life-world and how the world is to be experienced as such, and I shall critique the views of each in turn.The appropriate philosopher with which to begin an examination of any major phenomenological theme is most for certain Husserl. We as objects and subjects find ourselves in our conscious activities in a pre-given world existing for all in common according to Husserl. This world, always already there, is the univ... ...ng beings and world. ReferencesDewey, John, reconstruction in Philosophy, Boston, 1957.Dubos, Rene, The Torch of Life, New York, 1962.Gurwitsch, Aron, Studies in Phenomenology and Psychology, Evanston, 1966.Gurwitsch, Aron, Phenomenology and the Theo ry of Science, Evanston, 1974.Husserl, Edmund, Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology, Evanston, 1970.Jonas, Hans, The Phenomenon of Life, New York, 1966.Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, Phenomenology of Perception, London, 1962.Ortega y Gasset, Jose, Phenomenology and Art, New York, 1975.Schutz, Alfred, and Luckmann, Thomas, Structures of the Life-World, 2 vols., Evanston, 1973 and 1989.Shotter, John, Social Accountability and Selfhood, Oxford, 1984.Straus, Erwin, Aesthesiology and Hallucinations, in Existence, ed. by May, Angel, Ellenberger, New York, 1958.

Giving Universities the Business Essay -- essays papers

Giving Universities the BusinessThe business of America is business. Calvin CoolidgeTo talk in overt, to think in solitude, to read and to construe, to inquire and answer inquiries, is the business of a scholar. Samuel JohnsonIn the function ten years there has been a concerted movement in this earth to re-design schools according to the Business Model--a movement which has recently gained an apparently unstoppable momentum. We hear continually of the universitys need to open up new markets, to learn new slipway to compete and create new customer bases simultaneously, we are bombarded with demands from the politicians and administrators who control our public funds to increase our productivity and accountability. (1)Justifications for this evangelical urge are various, but normally take one of two forms the Times Are Tough argument, which assumes that the traditionalistic sources of university revenues (tuition and public funds) are drying up, and that the logical substitute ar e Product Dollars, i.e., money customers provide only spend for a product they have been convinced they both want or need and the Schools Are Lazy argument, which assumes that universities are islands of idleness and inefficiency in the ocean of American business success, and that the missionaries from the business world can extradite our scholars by converting them to habits of rigor and accountability. Both of these models take their inspiration from the definitions of business which usually go nighthing like a commercial or industrial establishment where the demands of proceeds rule all other considerations. Interestingly enough, this and related definitions seem to assume gain ground can only be achieved through activities practical,... ...orgotten all about didactics ... the culprit is process--the belief that we can teach our children how to think without troubling them to learn anything outlay thinking about. Quoted in Cultural Pedagogy Art/Education/Politics, David Trend, Bergin & Garvey, spick-and-span York, 1992.3 As I know this figure will be greeted by some with skepticism,a more detailed breakdown of the average academic track down week is available in the WWW document Work Load Figures.4 Though it may finally be dawning on some that business does not equal efficiency and success when it comes to education, as with Baltimores recent finish to terminate its contract with EAI.5 For instance, the recent reorganization of GEDs was a meliorate opportunity to negotiate a matching reduction in teaching load, from 4/4 to the much saner (and standard) 3/3. Was a single word verbalise about such a deal? Giving Universities the Business Essay -- essays papersGiving Universities the BusinessThe business of America is business. Calvin CoolidgeTo talk in public, to think in solitude, to read and to hear, to inquire and answer inquiries, is the business of a scholar. Samuel JohnsonIn the last ten years there has been a concerted mo vement in this country to re-design schools according to the Business Model--a movement which has recently gained an apparently unstoppable momentum. We hear continually of the universitys need to open up new markets, to learn new ways to compete and create new customer bases simultaneously, we are bombarded with demands from the politicians and administrators who control our public funds to increase our productivity and accountability. (1)Justifications for this evangelical urge are various, but usually take one of two forms the Times Are Tough argument, which assumes that the traditional sources of university revenues (tuition and public funds) are drying up, and that the logical substitute are Product Dollars, i.e., money customers will only spend for a product they have been convinced they either want or need and the Schools Are Lazy argument, which assumes that universities are islands of idleness and inefficiency in the ocean of American business success, and that the missiona ries from the business world can redeem our scholars by converting them to habits of rigor and accountability. Both of these models take their inspiration from the definitions of business which usually go something like a commercial or industrial establishment where the demands of profit rule all other considerations. Interestingly enough, this and related definitions seem to assume profit can only be achieved through activities practical,... ...orgotten all about teaching ... the culprit is process--the belief that we can teach our children how to think without troubling them to learn anything worth thinking about. Quoted in Cultural Pedagogy Art/Education/Politics, David Trend, Bergin & Garvey, New York, 1992.3 As I know this figure will be greeted by some with skepticism,a more detailed breakdown of the average academic work week is available in the WWW document Work Load Figures.4 Though it may finally be dawning on some that business does not equal efficiency and success when it comes to education, as with Baltimores recent decision to terminate its contract with EAI.5 For instance, the recent reorganization of GEDs was a perfect opportunity to negotiate a matching reduction in teaching load, from 4/4 to the much saner (and standard) 3/3. Was a single word spoken about such a deal?

Giving Universities the Business Essay -- essays papers

bighearted Universities the BusinessThe duty of America is business. Calvin CoolidgeTo talk in everyday, to think in solitude, to render and to hear, to inquire and answer inquiries, is the business of a scholar. Samuel JohnsonIn the last cristal years there has been a concerted movement in this country to re-design schools tally to the Business Model--a movement which has recently gained an apparently unstoppable momentum. We hear continually of the universitys need to open up new markets, to learn new ways to deal and create new customer bases simultaneously, we are bombarded with demands from the politicians and administrators who control our public funds to increase our productivity and accountability. (1)Justifications for this evangelical urge are various, but usually tamp down one of two forms the Times Are Tough argument, which assumes that the traditional sources of university revenues (tuition and public funds) are drying up, and that the logical substitute are Pro duct Dollars, i.e., money customers will only when spend for a product they have been convinced they either trust or need and the Schools Are Lazy argument, which assumes that universities are islands of idleness and inefficiency in the oceanic of Ameri roll in the hay business success, and that the missionaries from the business world can redeem our scholars by converting them to habits of rigor and accountability. Both of these models take their inspiration from the definitions of business which usually go fewthing standardized a commercial or industrial establishment where the demands of profit overshadow all other considerations. Interestingly enough, this and related definitions seem to assume profit can only be achieved through activities practical,... ...orgotten all close teaching ... the perpetrator is process--the belief that we can teach our children how to think without troubling them to learn anything worth view about. Quoted in Cultural Pedagogy Art/Education/ Politics, David Trend, Bergin & Garvey, New York, 1992.3 As I know this figure will be greeted by some with skepticism,a more detailed breakdown of the average academic work week is available in the WWW document Work Load Figures.4 though it may finally be dawning on some that business does not equal efficiency and success when it comes to education, as with Baltimores recent decision to clear its contract with EAI.5 For instance, the recent reorganization of GEDs was a perfect prospect to negotiate a matching reduction in teaching load, from 4/4 to the much saner (and standard) 3/3. Was a single word spoken about such a deal? Giving Universities the Business Essay -- essays papersGiving Universities the BusinessThe business of America is business. Calvin CoolidgeTo talk in public, to think in solitude, to read and to hear, to inquire and answer inquiries, is the business of a scholar. Samuel JohnsonIn the last ten years there has been a concerted movement in this country to re-design schools according to the Business Model--a movement which has recently gained an apparently unstoppable momentum. We hear continually of the universitys need to open up new markets, to learn new ways to compete and create new customer bases simultaneously, we are bombarded with demands from the politicians and administrators who control our public funds to increase our productivity and accountability. (1)Justifications for this evangelical urge are various, but usually take one of two forms the Times Are Tough argument, which assumes that the traditional sources of university revenues (tuition and public funds) are drying up, and that the logical substitute are Product Dollars, i.e., money customers will only spend for a product they have been convinced they either want or need and the Schools Are Lazy argument, which assumes that universities are islands of idleness and inefficiency in the ocean of American business success, and that the missionaries from the business world can redeem our scholars by converting them to habits of rigor and accountability. Both of these models take their inspiration from the definitions of business which usually go something like a commercial or industrial establishment where the demands of profit rule all other considerations. Interestingly enough, this and related definitions seem to assume profit can only be achieved through activities practical,... ...orgotten all about teaching ... the culprit is process--the belief that we can teach our children how to think without troubling them to learn anything worth thinking about. Quoted in Cultural Pedagogy Art/Education/Politics, David Trend, Bergin & Garvey, New York, 1992.3 As I know this figure will be greeted by some with skepticism,a more detailed breakdown of the average academic work week is available in the WWW document Work Load Figures.4 Though it may finally be dawning on some that business does not equal efficiency and success when it comes to ed ucation, as with Baltimores recent decision to terminate its contract with EAI.5 For instance, the recent reorganization of GEDs was a perfect opportunity to negotiate a matching reduction in teaching load, from 4/4 to the much saner (and standard) 3/3. Was a single word spoken about such a deal?

Apush Native American Essay

The United States disposal used many different techniques to remove Indians from Western lands so they could use it for their own self-loving needs. Some of these methods were clearly harmful, while others were written to seem reasonable and helpful. Nomadic Indians were finding it hard to live due to declining bison herds and deteriorating grasslands. This situation was made worse by thousands of pioneers pouring into the west because of the bleak discovery of silver and gold in the Rocky Mountains. The government attempted to solve this problem by creating a social organization of smaller reservations for Indians.They would use force if necessary. The Indians responses varied from tribe to tribe. The Pueblos, Crows, and Hidastas happily and obligingly adjusted to their new life. Others felt differently, however. The Navajos and the Sioux strongly opposed the new reservations, but failed in the check. Ten years later, eight new western reservations had been established. Many Gr eat Plains tribes retaliated faced the U. S. army in a series of battles for the West. Similarly, soldiers who were a part of the local militia destroyed Cheyenne and Arapaho camps, who responded with many attacks on travelers.The governor of Colorado authorized white citizens to find and kill and hostile Indians. He then ordered a set of troops to massacre a peaceful group of Indians, including women and children, at Sand Creek. These Indians had originally believed they would be protected by federal troops. This massacre and others that were similar revitalized debate over federal Indian policy. In 1867, Congress sent a peace commission to end the disputes. They set aside two large land reserves, hoping the tribes living there would take up farming and convert to Christianity.Although hidden, here it is clear that one of the governments main goals was assimilation. The plan seemed to be successful at first. Most Indians believed that they were not meant to live like the white man. They were given executeing grounds and animals to hunt by God, and that was the way they wished to live their lives. Indians with these beliefs did not move to the reservations or refused to remain on them once there. Hoping to take a stand against the reservations, struggle parties of angry Cheyennes, Arapahos and Sioux raided ettlements in Kansas and Colorado, setting fire to homes and killing white men. Army troops responded by sending army troops to attack, even the peaceful ones. That same fall, Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custers raiding party struck a Cheyenne village at night, killing over a hundred men, shooting their horses, and taking women and children as prisoners. In 1871, Congress decided that the treaty making process was not working, and they began to unaccompanied send out executive orders and acts. This set off a series of retaliations from the Indians.In 1874, southern Plains Indians started the Red River War. This particular war ended badly for the Indians, who ended up losing their independence. Soon after, in Arizona and New Mexico, the Apaches fought a guerrilla war until surrendering in 1886. All of these battles and conflicts were truly horrible, but none compare to the battles fought in by the western Sioux tribes. To protect their sacred hunting grounds, they raided near by non- Indian settlements, intimidated federal government workers, and harassed anyone else who came onto their land.In 1874, the government took action against these Indians by sending a force led by Colonel George Armstrong Custer into the Black Hills of entropy Dakota. Negotiations to buy this area had been broken because the Indians were asking for too high of a price, therefore Custers new goal was to drive the Indians out of this area. Indians still out of doors the reservations would be hunted down and taken in by force. The battle fought in this land in June 1876 was a great unexpected Indian victory, which only angered and motivated the U. S . army more. Indians were chased down and imprisoned, but most refused to cooperate.Many Indians created dramatic escapes, such as a group following a Dull Knife, who shot the guards and broke away for freedom. Small efforts such as these proved that the Indians were going to keep on fighting for as long as possible. The governments continual habits of breaking their treaties led to a number of groups and societies devoted to Indians rights. The Womens National Indian Rights Association was founded in 1883, along with other groups with similar causes. Helen Hunt Jackson published A Century of Dishonor, which promoted public opinion against the broken treaties.Many white Americans began new mitigate movements of creating schools for Indians. Their main goal was to stamp out their Indian identities. Despite these goals, the movements often backfired. The Indians would learn the english language and how to farm, but still had the Indian inside of them. In addition to the schools, many people believed the Indians would be better off if their reservations were broken up, gradually incorporating them in society by giving them the rights of citizens. Most of these people very wanted to help the Indians. This division of reservations was enforced by the Dawes Severalty Act.

Negotiating Ethics

Some people believe that it is indispensable to behave ethically when negotiating I am apart of this belief. I believe that negotiating ethically will make things easier. It will make the process a win win for both parties. If both parties are universe ethical and downright when negotiating the buyer will be satisfied and the seller will as well. The truth of the matter is no one sincerely expects their thwarter to be honest .That organism said, no one really goes in a negotiating situating expecting to be ethical. Everyone goes in to this home with guards up and tactical manoeuvre ready. Although I believe that ethical motive should be essential when negotiating, I also go in expectant of the opposite. I would love to negotiate with ethics and be honest and fair, but the majority of people are not willing to take this approach so I do not either in most cases.It is hard to be ethical and honest when it comes to negotiating. Not everyone shares the same opinion and views abo ut this issue. Some people feel as though there is no such thing as ethics in negotiating. These type of people go by the motto let the best man win. With the knowledge that not everyone feels the same, no one really negotiates ethically. The person who decides to be ethical will lose against the person who is not being ethical. If they negotiated against each otherwise, the non ethical person will be sly and aerodynamic and do whatever possible to persuade a win. The ethical person will try negotiating with honesty and integrity but if he does not scram on the same level as the other party, he will come out unsatisfied.When negotiating, it is important for both parties to be on the same page. forrader you go into a situation of bargaining it would be smart to know who you are negotiating against. Knowing the tactics and style of your opponent will give you a leg up. Investigating the style of negotiating your opponent exudes will let you know what tactics to use. If your oppon ent is interested in ethical negotiating, you should be also. On the other hand, if your opponent is unethical then you should switch up your methods and play their game. Everybody wants to win and come out happy when negotiating. This is not impossible to achieve by every means. If everyone negotiated with ethics then it would be easy but as long as the negotiators are on the same page, a great conclusion should be met.I think that many things have changed with the times. I can imagine that back in the day things were a lot different. I can envision businessmen negotiating ethically. I can imagine businessmen negotiating a conclusion that both parties would be happy with. I imagine those shaking hands and making a great deal and win win situation. The times of using ethics and honesty are far and few between so to speak. With new tactics and new expressions, people are in it to win it. In these times, instead of looking out for your neighbor, you look out for yourself. With that b eing said, when negotiating now days, it is definitely a game of winner takes all, or may the best man win.Even though I believe that negotiating with ethics is the best way to go, there may be some situations that warrant the opposite of my beliefs. There is always an exception to the rule. Aside from being on the same page of your opponent, there may be situations that call for an aggressive manner in negotiating. If a professional is negotiating a law or against a law or the state, when a linear perspective of contrast or other unfair circumstances are prevalent, I think that negotiating ethically should be out the window. When it is a situation where there is an unfair position or an unfair advantage on an opposing side than the under dog should negotiate using no retards barred. The negotiating arty in this type of situation should go all in and try their hardest to win as much as possible. These type of extreme situations are the only ones I think that being ethical is not relevant.The fact of the matter is, different people have different views when it comes to negotiating. Some do believe in being ethical and they hold to that standard when practicing the art of negotiating. Others are on the opposite side of the scope, and they believe that the best negotiator should take it home. When negotiating, whether ethically or not, you should always play to your opponents standard. I think that in it self is being ethical. If your opponent is someone who is doing things honestly and ethically, then you should return the courtesy and do the same. On the other hand, if you are dealing with someone who is in it to win it, you should play their game and try to be in it to win it as well.

Characteristic of an Effective Teacher Essay

1. A Calling for the professionThis is supposed to be the most important. And this is what is causing me the most headache at the moment. To accept the fact that someone skill be doing this job as a job for the perks and the advantages without a real commitment is a real hindrance in achieving my aim of helping teachers puzzle better professionals. How do you train teachers to amaze a calling for the profession? Is this something I can possibly aim at?2. Professional knowledgeI tend to feel that a lot of what is considered professional knowledge is in easy-to-assess tests, like TKT or CELTA. Does he know the different kinds of assessments, and the present perfect? Yes, peachy, hence hes good. Professional knowledge is a matter of pride among teachers. Local teachers make a lot of effort to speak better side and express native teachers to explain random weird ideas they learnt 30-40 years before. I personally attri hardlye little importance to this aspect. Long gone are the eld when a clever teacher taught a stupid child active the big-big world.3. Personal qualitiesYeah, yeah. Here we go again the teacher as the frustrated (failed) actor, the clown, the colonisation idiot Well actually no, I think there are much more important personal qualities we tend to ignore these days and we shouldnt honesty, emotions, intelligence, reliability, enthusiasm, curiosity. These are all characteristics we use to define effective learners, but the more these qualities are shared by their teachers, the more likely it is that they relieve oneself what they want. Its forever going to be more entertaining to retard Friends, or whatever it is teenagers watch these days, than to attend an English class. So, why compete? Establishing an efficient and mutually well(p) contriveing environment is much more helpful I believe.4. With-it-ness (McEwan, E K 2002. How to survive and strive in the first three weeks of school)This is an elicit addition to the list. The essential s kill of macrocosm able to envisage possible classroom and curriculum events. Planning with an awareness of the objectives and the conditions. This is definitely an acquired skill that you can get better with every new year, school and group. This is why every employer should be wary of teachers who do a year or so and then roleplay on regularly. They will non have this understanding of their actions within the bigger picture. Its arguable of course how important this is, but if we see education curiously public schools as a continuum with precise expectations, it is important to have teachers who understand them. This is especially true if we want to liberate teachers from prescribed teaching materials and expect them to develop customised tasks for their students.5. Instructional EffectivenessTo be an effective teacher you have to teach well. Hard to argue. The interesting thing about this is that this demands again a very broad(prenominal) level of flexibility and a wide ra nge of expertise from the teacher, since something that may be a piece of cake with one group of students can get up to be an absolute nightmare with another. Even if I planned the same lesson for two different groups, they could and they should never be the same. So, this is again a hunch, not more. This seems to work with this group so lets go with it, but heaven forbid I would try it with the other group.6. Good communicatorWell, this is pretty obvious, and necessary not only with students, but with teachers, managers and parents. Communication is not always direct, which is difficult. Other teachers and management hear about you from students and parents. Its all a vicious circle, and to communicate your nub well in all directions is a snap of a juggling act.7. Street smartKnow about who you teach. This is sometimes perceived as the great advantage of having local teachers or teachers who come from the same-similar context. While I admit that this has its advantages, I think it has just as many disadvantages. There is a ill-judged sense of mutuality between the local teachers and students against the foreign teacher in the school. All those dismissive nods from the colleagues and students are the same, really. Sometimes blowing up a little bit of a bomb with a completely innocent face can be very helpful. Ill never forget the conversation I had with my students about respecting women and giving them rights and me doing the cooking and the washing up. I loved it. In many situations you are expected to be the foreigner. Embracing your foreignness is one way of being successful. You are not expected to be one of them. Why try? Clearly, you dont want to be rude or hurt anyone but there are several stages between the extremes. Dont do anything that would offend you if it was the other way round but dont expect them to eat the goulash as you serve it, whats more, they can even be allowed not to like goulash.8. Willing to go the extra mileThis is virtually l inked to the first one. If you follow a calling, you will go the extra mile. Otherwise you wont. There is no way of making someone do more than what they are paid to.9. Lifelong learnerThe excitement of Amazon delivering yet another book about ELT, Russell Tarr recommending another mindboggingly good link. A collection near you, a conference on the web, all the tweets from last night. If you are still excited about any of these things, were talking about you. If you watch a movie and 2 minutes into the film you pop up thinking about how you could use this in class, this is about you. Most teachers start forgetting what they learn when they start their education, and will have forgotten why they are standing in front of a class by the time they have finished. They are the life-long forgetters. paradise save students from them. This is not about the best method the best book the greatest author, the best publisher, its about you and where you are in the wonderful process of your pr ofessional development 10 Life outside the classroomYour life outside the classroom is the bread and butter you bring to your students and re-contextalise to move their learning appetite.

Kotler Ch. 1 Jetblue Company Case 14th Edition

1. The need being met by JetBlue is mainly transportation. In todays human being consumers need to be able to travel long-distances speedily and JetBlues practices ensure customer comfort/satisfaction along the journey. The wants of JetBlues customers are to safely and quickly travel on an airplane. They also want to be comfortable and treated well. JetBlue accomplishes this by providing leather seats and entertainment with great customer service. The demands of this airlines customers are pretty low. They are already flying on a discount airline, yet they have great amenities such as to a greater extent legroom.There are not really any wants that money needs to back in this scenario. JetBlue has done a good job at ensuring everything from email is unattached at no extra charge. 2. Consumers exchange money and time for a flight with JetBlue. They also give up the ability to fly with another airline. In exchange, however they get the happy jetting experience. This includes ameniti es such as plush seats and snacks combined with excellent customer service. From the terminal, to the plane, JetBlue employees are courteous and nice.This overall experience is highly measured by JetBlue and is supported by all the smaller facets of their market offering. 5. JetBlue should certainly be able to run building customer relationships successfully. While Southwest is a competitor, JetBlue does have the competitive edge in cost. Also, their fun culture combined with loyal customers who spread the word certainly helps continue this success. Its not easy to offer such great amenities while also having low fares, but JetBlue also places a lot of value on their intangible wonderful customer service.

Unforgettable Memories of A Weekend in New York

Mum handed my sister and me our passports and boarding tickets, hugged us tightly for what seemed kindred five minutes, and waved goodbye to us as trickled down her cheeks. It sounds strange to say this scarcely I couldnt stop smiling, and neither could Sarah, my 19-year-old sister who was my guardian for the weekend. She was such a laugh, and eternally had something funny to say ab reveal everything. I knew it was going to be a fun and unforgettable weekend. The plane was due to depart from Heathrow to New York at one that Friday afternoon of the 13th October.As we sat laugh a joking the departures lounge our flight number was displayed on the huge television screen, and following(a) to it the word Boarding flashed. It was time to leave. We picked up hand luggage and headed towards gate number 13. Typical I give tongue to to myself in my head, Out of all 50 supply I we have to board through the unluckiest number of them all Still, Im not a very superstitious person Im just n ot that keen on flying. Anyway, I didnt let onto my sister roughly my nerves, shed only make me feel worse We had been sat on the plane for about 3 hours, and only quadruplet to go.Like read about memories? Read alsoFlashbulb memoryEveryone sat around us had been drinking and so they were all merry and laughing and joking about, that made me feel slightly more relaxed but I still couldnt wait to get off the plane. I sat in my rear end and watched the film Almost Famous I was knocked out(p) by size of the television and how they fitted in the seat, my sister just laughed at me and told me I needed to get out more. Before I knew it, it was time to land. I fastened my seatbelt and began to feel slightly nauseous as the plane began to descend. We finally landed and after around 10 minutes we were allowed to get up and head to the doors.As I stepped off the plane the ice cold air hit me and I wrapped my accouterments around myself to help stay warm. The pilot had said as we landed t hat it was around -20C but I hadnt realised how cold that was. We caught a yellow drudge to our motel and got straight into bed. We had a long day ahead. I woke up at 8 and we walked to a local cafeteria for a bagel and cup of coffee. I was amazed at everything the surroundings, everything was so different from back home. First stop, the Empire State Building, get a good view of the whole place ok? I replied to my sister with a nod and a laugh as we looked around to see everyone staring.I dont think everyone in the cafeteria was that impressed that she managed to spit out half(prenominal) her bagel as she asked me that question, but I found it amusing and we fell about laughing together. We caught a taxi to the building and entered a lift which took us halfway up the building, we then had to swap to another lift because the building is so tall that having only one lift would cause the cables to snap. Being told this by the guide didnt exactly help with my fear of heights. Finally , we reached the top and the view was just breathtaking. I had never seen anything ilk it.I stood there speechless for about 30 minutes, and looked out over the city for miles. I t was a surreal experience and views that imprinted my mind. Next up, we had to catch a ferry to Statton Island to see the world-famous Statue of Liberty. I took pictures but I knew the photos wouldnt show the astounding statue that stood for me. We caught a ferry back to the mainland and walked around Time Square. It held a resemblance to Piccadilly Circus, but was somewhat more exciting. We both looked like typical tourists with our huge bags, maps and cameras but everyone around was friendly and helped us with directions.It was getting late in the afternoon and we had been shopping for an hour or so and end up in a nail bar. We sat there giggling together as we slurped our chocolate milkshakes and had our nails painted. By 9. 30pm we were both shattered but my sister said there was one last thing we ha d to do. I had no idea where we were going and all I can remember is it is somewhere off twenty percent Avenue but we soon arrived at a huge outside ice rink. I was so excited I couldnt wait to try skating. We skated for about an hour, it was even colder being on the ice but we both managed to skate round at least once without falling over each other.We laughed so much and everyone around us laughed at us too but we didnt care. After that we headed back to the hotel. I collapsed onto the bed still dressed in my habilitate and was out like a light. I slept like a log and didnt wake until the alarm went off at 7 that morn. We headed to the same cafeteria again for our morning bagel and coffee. Soon after that we hit the shops for some serious shopping. The selection of clothes and gadgets was never ending, each shop we entered I had to buy something.After a good few hours shopping we visited St Patrickss Cathedral, it was a big tourist attraction -there were a lot of English and Ir ish people around there, but it wasnt actually that appealing to us so we didnt stay long. The last place we had left to visit was Ground Zero, we felt that as we were in New York we had to go and assume our respects. The area was devastating and very emotional. The memorial listed all the names of those who had died in the tragedy and I found it really upsetting and felt homesick, even though I had only been away two days.My sister hugged me and said to me Let it make you realise what youve got and dont take it for granted. This is why you have to live life to the rise and take every opportunity that comes along. Its not every day you get taken for a weekend shopping in New York is it? she then smiled at me and gave me a kiss on the cheek. She was always capable of putting a smile back on my face, no matter how I felt. My sister had always been known as a joker and so to hear her say something like this really meant a lot. We got back to the hotel mid-afternoon and packed up ou r bags.Our flight depart at 6 that evening and we were on our way home. We landed at Heathrow at 1 in the morning. I had slept for most of the plane and car tour home. I walked in the front of the door of my house and inhaled deeply, it smelt of home, and I smiled to myself. The holiday was really fun and it had taught me a lot, it brought me closer to my sister and the advice she gave me at grease zero will stay with me forever, and the new experiences will stay with me forever too. I hope to return back there in the near future, to experience my happy memories.

Critical Approaches Paper: The Wife of Bath Essay

Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400) was an English author, poet, philosopher, courtier as well as a diplomat. Sometimes referred to as the father of English literature, the man is most famous for The Canterbury Tales. Chaucers major works also include the translation of Roman de la Rose The Book of the Duchess The House of Fame Anelida and Arcite The Parliament of Fowls the translation of Boethius Consolation of Philosophy as Boece Troilus and Criseyde The Legend of Good Women and the Treatise on the Astrolabe (Geoffrey Chaucer, 2007).Being a well-rounded intellectual, Chaucer was aware of the gender stereotypes permeating his medieval society. As a matter of fact, men of the essence Ages deeming marriage a full great sacrament took most seriously the womans promise to honor and obey. The slightest breach of this vow of allegiance was hailed as a crying offense to both God and man. The principal vice of the medieval times was pride. Disobedience was but an offshoot of this self same vice . And so, obedience was due not only unto God and ones parents, but, as the old phrase went, to economizes and other benefactors and sovereigns. Women were known to be subjected to men, and there was not as much thought poured over womens equal right to manage affairs. Thus, we find in medieval literature instances such as the ones briefly moved(p) on by Frederick Tupper (1968) in Types of Society in Medieval Literature An old Parisian benedict of the fourteenth century, playing mentor to his young bride off circuits Petrarchs story of the obedient Griselda with the example of a wife rightly burned for the disobedience into which she was led by her pride quite asCRITICAL APPROACHES penning THE wife OF BATH Page 2 grievous an offense this, so he tells us m all times, as the fault of Eve or of Lucifer. It was during this time period that Chaucer chose to represent his woman in literature the wife of bath as an extraordinary lady who believed in subjecting her men to her de sires. The lady is open to express her views near a different role that women can play despite the essential gender stereotypes of medieval society.The married woman of Bath has control of her husbands property, presumably acquired through straight marriage settlements. She therefore has no need to make efforts to please her mates, if such efforts would have given her greater authority over her men in foothold of wealth or pleasure. According to her Prologue, her first tierce husbands had bad luck in bed, for which they are chided by her. The woman would demand payment in bed, in return for which she would make payment (sexually) of the marriage debt she owed them (Nelson, 2002).Knowing that all medieval women do not behave like her when it comes to controlling their husbands property or get money prohibited of them, the married woman of Bath is asking young girls to back out of marriage altogether. Why please a man when it is more generative over all to please and serve God? is her final argument on the question of marriage. The married woman of Bath says that three of her husbands were good, and two were bad. The first three were rich, old, and submissive, although she tormented them with accusations that were total lies she confesses to the rest of the pilgrims.She accused her husband of having an affair, for example, and then launched into a tirade in which she charged him with a bewildering array of accusations. If one of her husbands got drunk, the Wife of Bath claimed that every wife was out to destroy her husband in particular. She also do her husband feel guilty this way, and so CRITICAL APPROACHES PAPER THE WIFE OF BATH Page 3 he gave her what she wanted. The Wife of Bath admits that she deliberately caused her husbands grief.She teased them in bed by refusing to give them full satisfaction until they had promised her money. She says that she made them work at night, in fact, to pay her marriage dette. What is more, the woman admits proud ly that she used her verbal and sexual power to bring her husbands to total submission. In full point of fact, the Wife of Bath uses the same tactic, i. e. , verbal power to bring the young knight to total submission in her Tale. She confesses in her Prologue that she failed to follow the marriage precept of biheste is dette. But when the young knight in her Tale is sentenced to death by King Arthurs court for raping a defenseless young woman, his only fortune to escape the penalty of execution is to find the answer to the question, What do women want most? The young mans search for the answer is fruitless until he meets an old woman who promises to give him the answer if he would promise her, in return, to grant the request she makes of him. The rapist promises to keep his word, and after he has supplied Arthurs queer with the answer that can save his life, the old woman asks him to marry her.In this case, as in the personal story of the Wife of Bath, the woman is subjecting t he man unto herself by asking him to make a promise for something in return (Nelson). The Wife of Bath is knowledgeable enough to admit that more than a few Fathers of the Church, including the Apostle Paul, had proclaimed the importance of virginity. But if virginity was so critical, there would be someone still to produce virgins Thus, she would leave virginity to the perfect, and allow herself instead to use her gifts as best as she could. Besides her use of intellect in marital affairs, undoubtedly the gift that she refers to is sexual power.She uses this power not only to enjoy her life to the full, but as an instrument to manipulate her men as well. CRITICAL APPROACHES PAPER THE WIFE OF BATH Page 4 Patricia Clare Ingham (2002) calls the Wife of Bath one of the most ingenious readers in the history of literature, and sees the aggressive re-reading of scripture on the part of the Wife of Bath as a means of displaying and resisting the medieval anti-feminist customs duty or m isogyny.The Wife of Bath frequently misquotes the scriptures. Scholars believe that these misreadings of texts were a mark of political and cultural acuity on the part of the Wife of Bath, as these bad readings give us a clearer picture of the culture of the time and the medieval gender relations (Schibanoff, 1986). The Wife of Baths re-readings of scripture have additionally been referred to as a utopian group fantasy, whereby the women would direct themselves against the anti-feminist tradition of the time, which was actually a social institution that was neither necessary nor the only face of truth of the Middle Ages.This view of group or sorority was, in fact, explored by Brian W. Gastle, who wrote that although it is difficult to prove that women had gathered forces to beat the odds, there may have been a sorority of this kind that functioned outside the boundaries set by the established guilds to which working women also belonged. The Wife of Bath, as we know, is into the clot h making business (Ingham). The lady blasts clerkly writers for their biased perspectives, and in so doing, activates the literary tradition for an totally new set of social uses, such as understanding the importance of women.Her assessment of the politics of writing is interlinked with her representation of the politics of reading. She desires the production of an entirely different kind of literature, the kind that the feminist classroom would read. Her Tale is included in this category, of course, and it is revolutionary. Still, critics worry that the Wife of Bath may be strangely affirming male desire through her Tale. As Lynne Dickson (1993) puts it, the Tale may really reward the CRITICAL APPROACHES PAPER THE WIFE OF BATH Page 5concession of masculine maistrie with the very thing patriarchy wants to begin with. The Tale is, after all, about a rapist knight who can turn magically into a dutiful husband and about an aged lady who becomes a sweet young thing yet again apart from an old middle-class woman, comen of so lough a kynde, who gains status and rule from her aristocrat husband. Most scholars have interpreted the Wife of Baths interest in reign of wife over husband as an expression of her dissatisfaction over the rule of her nation.Sovereignty extends beyond the confines of the bourgeois household in this case, given that the Irish were concerned about sovereignty over a nation at the same time as Chaucer and his contemporaries were writing about sovereignty over a husband (Eisner, 1957). Indeed, there do appear to be political questions posed in the Wife of Baths Tale, especially when the recalcitrant knight objects to his marriage to the old lady, saying, Alas, that any of my nacion/ sholde evere so foule disparaged be The old lady wonders aloud if the knights rejection comes through his subjection to the laws of the court Is this the lawe of Arthures hous? she asks Is every knight of his so dangerous? and a lady of charisma, of great polit ical insight coupled with leadership qualities, could have addressed intricacies of the political life of the nation at the time of the Wife of Bath when gender stereotypes were comprehensively controlled by the authorities, including the Church.The woman seems to know how to tackle legal terminology to boot (Ingham). She truly is remarkable for the Middle Ages, and deserves a uninterrupted round of applause from everyone today. CRITICAL APPROACHES PAPER THE WIFE OF BATH Page 6 References 1. Dickson, Lynne. (1993). Deflection in the Mirror Feminine Discourse in the Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale. SAC, 15, 1993, p. 61-90. 2. Eisner, Sigmund.(1957). A Tale of Wonder A Source Study of the Wife of Baths Tale New York Burt Franklin. 3. Geoffrey Chaucer. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer. (24 February 2007). 4. Ingham, Patricia Clare. (2002). Pastoral Histories Utopia, Conquest, and the Wife of Baths Tale. Texas Studies in Literature and Language, Vol. 44, Issue 1. 5. Nelson, Marie. (2002). Biheste Is Dette Marriage Promises in Chaucers Canterbury Tales. Papers on Language & Literature, Vol. 38, Issue 2, 2002, p.167. 6. Schibanoff, Susan. (1986). Taking the Gold out of Egypt The Art of Reading as a Woman In Gender and Reading Essays on Readers, Texts and Contexts (Ed. Elizabeth Flynn and Patrocinio P. Schweickart). Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press. CRITICAL APPROACHES PAPER THE WIFE OF BATH Page 7 7. Tupper, Frederick. (1968). Types of Society in Medieval Literature New York Biblo and Tannen.

Sikkim Wildlife and Biodiversity

Chapter 2 WILDLIFE & BIODIVERSITY Biodiversity at a Glance India is recognized as matchless of the 12 mega diversity centres of the world. pop taboo of the 18 Biodiversity hot-spots in the world, India owns 2, weely the Western Ghats and the eastboundern Himalayas. Sikkim covering just 0. 2 % of the geographic ara of the country has tremendous biodiversity and has been identified as iodin of the HOT-SPOT in the Eastern Himalayas. in that respect argon 10 bio-geographic zones & 25 biotic provinces which have 16 major tones types & > 200 sub types as per (Champion & Seth 1968).Sikkim fall under Himalayan (2) Bio-geographic zone & Central Himalaya (2c) biotic province-having about 9 types of forests types (Champion & Seth). The raise is endowed with rich floral and faunal diversity. Species wise, the demesne harbors over 4500 skin rash plants, 550 Orchids, 36 Rhododendrons, 16 Conifers, 28 Bamboos, 362 Ferns and its allies, 9 Tree Ferns, 30 Primulas, 11 Oaks, over 424 Medic inal plants, 144+ mammals, 550 fowls, 48 Fishes and over 600 Butterflies.While these figures atomic number 18 still non absolute, it may be kept in mind that this is notwithstanding the mega-fauna and flora. The tremendous diversity of worms like beetles and moths as well as a host of different life forms is yet to be enumerated. Most of the mellowed elevated railway medicinal plants are rare and endangered species. Sikkim excessively has 28 Mountains/Peaks, more than 38 Glaciers, 227 high altitude lakes/wetlands and over 104 rivers and streams. Nature has been particularly generous in her gift of sylvan treasures to the put up of Sikkim.Luxuriant forest, abound in all part of state and soma of medicinal plants, herbs, shrubs, bamboos and trees growing in state is truly rich. In the forest, there are lean of plants whose medicinal values have been well recognized by local people as well as by different pharmaceutical, insecticidal and perfumery sectors. Medicinal plan ts ought to be given the status of a internal Resources because their sustained handiness is essential to sustain one of the worlds oldest medicinal traditions, a priceless legacy of the Indian people.The local inhabitants for treatment of various ailments use legion(predicate) herbal remedies. Further more, modern medicines owes to the flora of these mountains. Many inhabitants for treatment of various ailments use numerous herbal remedies. Many species of Himalayan origin have revolutionized the allopathic systems of medicine. (The Medicinal Plant comprise in Sikkim is listed in Annexure II) ECOREGIONS Sikkim is a land of vast variation in altitude in spite of appearance very short distances ranging from rough 300m to 8598m. Elevation plays a prime role in fashioning the ecoregions of the state.This is evident from the strawman of Sal Shorea robusta forests in the Rangit Valley in the south to the temperate true fir forests in the north, beyond which lie the trans-Himalay as and rimy desert of the Tibetan plateatimeu. Broadly speaking there are five altitudinal zones of vegetation. They are not well-defined at their boundaries however merge into one an different, often showing considerable local encroachments and recessions above and below the line depending upon physical configuration and exposure of the terrain and the resulting bionomical factors.Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity The Tropical ecoregion extends roughly from the foothills of the outer Himalayas to an altitude of about 1200m. It contains steep sided valleys and gorges with well-drained flanking slopes. Various species of orchids, Rhaphidophora wild banana, Pandanus Nettles and giant bamboo are characteristic. The Rangit Valley Sal Shorea robusta in this region shows a unique association with the Chir Pine Pinus roxburghii. In patches of defend forest it is possible to hear the weak Sal being slowly dominate by the Pine.These patches are however relatively poor in wench life. Lowland forests of Sikkim are home to several endangered species of snickers like the Rufous-necked Hornbill Aceros nipalensis, Great Indian Hornbill Buceros bicornis homrai locally called Hongraio, Chestnut-breasted ruffed grouse, Black-breasted Parrotbill, Grey-crowned Prinia and Wards Trogon. Other sea-level fauna includes the Porcupine, Assamese Macaque, Barking Deer, Wild Boar, Tree Shrew, Peafowl (introduced), Python, Geckos, a host of butterflies and other invertebrates, riverine fish, frogs and toads.Several species of migratory water hisss use the river systems during transit. Lantana is a major weed in this region. A small part of this ecoregion, a representative cranial orbit of the Kitam Reserve woodss has belatedly been included in the wildlife protect area nedeucerk of the state as the Kitam Wildlife Sanctuary. Forest fires are generally reported from this zone and there is an occasional line of illegal removal of the Sal, Teak trees. New hydel projects have als o been taken up in this zone.The of the essence(p) medicinal plants of this ecoregion are Terminalia bellerica, Terminalia chebula, Embellica officinalis, Azadirachta indica, Aegle marmelos, Ocimum sanctum, Oroxylum indicum, genus Holarrhena antidysenterica, Murraya sp. etc. However the wildly spreading alien invasive weed Mikania micrantha is fast manifesting as a serious threat to farmlands and young forests along with Lantana camara. The Sub Tropical eco-region extends up from about 1200 m to 3000m. The rainfall in this zone is the heaviest and conditions remain humid throughout the year.The crop in the upper layer consists of mainly Castanopsis hystrix (Katus), Machilus spp. (Kawla), Rhododendron spp. (Chimal), Symplocos spicata (Kholme), Symplocos theifolia (Kharane), Michelia excelsa (Rani Champ), Quercus lamellosa (Buk), Quercus lineata (Phalant), Leucoseptrum canum (Ghurpis), Quercus pachyphylla (Sungure Katus), etc. The other associates in the upper storey are Betula alno ides (Saur), Nyssa javanica (Lekh Chilaune), Bucklandia populnea (Pipli), etc. In the underwood, Engelhardtia spicata (Mahuwa), Eurya japonica (Jhingni), Rhododendron arboreum (Guransh), Vibernum spp. Asarey) etc. are the main species. In the upper reaches the upper storey consists of Quercus lamellosa (Buk), Q. lineata (Phalant), Machilus spp. (Kaula). The other associates in the upper storey are genus Cinnamomum spp. (Sissi), Michelia excelsa (Rani Champ), Quercus lancaefolia (Patle Katus), Acer campbelli (Kapasi), Magnolia campbelli (Ghoge Champ), Q. pachyphylla (Sungure Katus), Castanopsis hystrix (Katus), Elaeocarpus lancaefolius (Bhadrase) etc. In the middle storey, Symplocos theifolia (Kharane) is the main species and Litsea spp. Pahenle), Rhododendron arboreum (Guransh), Bucklandia populnea (Pipli) etc are other associate species. Dense tall evergreen forests with oaks and Rhododendrons predominate. The underwood consists of Arundinaria maling, dwarf Rhododendron, ferns, epi phytic mosses and orchids. This area also is probably the richest in birds much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the Rusty-bellied and lesser Shortwings, Kalij and Satyr Tragopan reptiles like Japalura lizards, Cobra, Krait and Himalayan Pit Viper Himalayan Bullfrog butterflies and leeches. Eupatorium is a major weed competing out Artemesia and other secondary growth.Large Cardamom under-planted in forest patches and a tea estate at Temi are dominant features of the landscape as much as the vividized exotic Cryptomeria japonica patches. Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary and part of Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary in East Sikkim and Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary in South Sikkim are the two wildlife protected areas in this ecoregion. Most of the human population of Sikkim resides in these two zones in an agricultural mise en scene where terrace farmed rice, ginger, orange, cardamom are commercially grown art object guava, banana, squash and marigold are common along with vegetables and herbs in homestead gardens.Forest produce like bamboo shoots, ferns and nettles are also hive away during season. Soya bean, millet and cruciferous vegetables are grown and processed into fermented foods like Kinema, a specialty of the Subba community Gundruk and drinks like Chang. Exotic oyster pluck cultivation is being popularized along with trial commercial cultivation of flowers like hybrid orchids, lilies and gladioli. Hybrid stall fed livestock is seen around villages while the local breed of Siri Cow can graze on the hill slopes.Sericulture is practiced through schemes of the forest department while apiculture is more of a hobbyhorse with the bee species Apis cerana. The government encourages pisciculture of Common and Grass Carp. The important medicinal plants of this ecoregion are Swertia chirata, Rubia cordifolia, Astilbe rivularis, Berginia spp, Acorus calamus, Kaempheria rotunda, Costus speciosus, Viscum articulatum, Rhus semialata, Phytolacca acinosa, Litsaea citrata, Drymar ia cordata Artemisia vulgari,s etc. State of Environment 2007 Sikkim 8 Chapter 2 Wildlife & BiodiversityThe Temperate ecoregion extends from 3000m to 4500m with mixed coniferous forests of Hemlock, Spruce, Pine, Fir and Junipers with shrubby undergrowth of Rhododendron and Arundinaria bamboo. Red Panda, Common Langur and Himalayan Black Bear, Lesser cats, Goral, Serow, Himalayan Monal, Fire-tailed Sunbird, Blue Magpie and few species of reptiles and amphibians are characteristic. Brown Trout Salmo trutta fario has been introduced in high altitude lake and river systems. Wild Seabuckthorn Hippophae sp. occurs roundwhat of which is collected for medicinal properties and as a dye.Potato and cabbage are grown as cash crops. Subsistence farming of wheat, barley and maize is carried out while beans, peas, some apple, peach and pear are grown on homesteads. Some amount of cattle rearing is practiced with stall fed hybrid milch cows with some trans-humance for local breeds in forest area s. Handloom cottage industry for making blankets, rugs and carpets uses some wool from sheep grazed at higher altitudes. The Alpine forests and inscribe extend upto 4500 m with small asymmetrical trees and large shrubs interspersed with fir and pine. The stunted forest is mainly of rhododendron of many species.Dominant wild fauna includes Musk Deer, Himalayan Tahr, Blue Sheep, Blood Pheasant, Ibisbill and a S instantaneously toad. River systems adjudge some of the (introduced) trout Salmo trutta fario. Most of the flora of this region attracts interest for medicinal purposes. Dwarf rhododendron leaves are used for burning as incense. This region has very little house physician human population, mainly Bhutias and well-nighly pastoral, herding livestock like yak, dzo (cow-yak hybrid) and domestic cattle. Many wild edibles are collected from the forest floor like Arisaema sp. tubers, Khendu genus Cardamine spp. and Agaricus spp. ushrooms. The Temperate ecoregion is protected in troika wildlife sanctuaries at Shingba ( unification Sikkim), Kyongnosla and part of Pangolakha (East Sikkim), Barsey (West Sikkim) and one national park namely Khangchendzonga National Park (North and West Sikkim). They harbour representative biodiversity of these ecoregions. The important medicinal plants of this ecoregion are Aconitum ferox, Aconitum heterophyllum, Heracleum wallichii, Nardostachys grandiflora, Orchis latifolia, Panax pseudo-ginseng, Picrorrhiza kurooa, Podophyllum hexandrum, Ephedra gerardiana, Taxus baccata, Hippophae spp. tc. The Trans-Himalayan ecoregion extends from 4500 m to 5500m with characteristic cold desert vegetation exclusively circumscribe to the north of Sikkim. This ecoregion has not yet been included in the protected area network of the state and is perhaps the most threaten as it contains mostly endangered species. Dominant among these are Kiang, Nayan or Argali, Tibetan Gazelle, Blue Sheep, Snow Leopard, Eurasian Lynx, Tibetan Wolf, Tibetan S nowcock, Lammergeier, Raven, florid eagle and Ruddy Shelduck breeding in the wetlands.The region has a short four-month growing season during which grasses, sedges and medicinal herbs grow abundantly supporting a host of insect fauna as well as the wild and domestic herbivores, larks and finches. There are no permanent settlements. Human population consists of a small number of nomadic Tibetan graziers or Dokpas (who herd yak, sheep and pasmina-type goats) and large number of Defence personnel as the area forms the international ring with Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR).Closure of the border to trans-humance over the last three decades has led to intense grazing pressure by both the domestic and wild herbivores on the land. The area also suffers from the presence of landmines causing casualties among Nayan, Kiang and Tibetan wolf. Existence of feral dogs is a major hazard in this region. This ecoregion needs to be urgently represented in the wildlife protected area network of the st ate. The important medicinal plants of this ecoregion are Aconitum spp. , Nardostachys grandiflora, Picrorhiza kurooa,Gentiana spp, Rheum spp. tc. State of Environment 2007 Sikkim 9 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity There is a growing meet throughout the world that the natural resources essential for human development and survival are being depleted and destroyed at an alarming and ever increase pace. In order to protect, propagate and develop this rich wilderness, the State has realized that only by bringing in more much(prenominal) areas under the protected field Network could save this fragile eco-system from being over exploited and depleted.Keeping this in mind almost 31% of the total geographic area of the state has been brought under this network and state has recently added one more feather in its cap by declaring the Pangolakha Range as a Wildlife Sanctuary which is another(prenominal) rich treasure house of biodiversity. The existing status of wildlife protected areas is described as follows. role 2. 1 defend Area in Sikkim Source CISMHE State of Environment 2007 Sikkim 10 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity Protected Area NetworkProtected area network has been playing an important role in maintaining the natural resources of this fragile eco-system and to the economy of the State, providing a base for recreation and tourism. Existence of protected areas in the higher reaches sustains environment stability of the surrounding region and thereby reduces occurrence of landslides and droughts, protecting the soil from eating away etc. Further it helps in maintaining the productive capacity of eco-systems, thus ensuring the continuing availability of water for sustaining life down stream.Because of an extensive Protected Area Network, and with unwrap protection and sustainable human use, habitats have recuperated and in 1999 Takin Budorcas taxicolor was reported at Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary which was once native to this eco-system and similarly tiger Panthera tigris migration is often reported every year. Even Himalayan Tahr or Shapi Hemitragus jemlahicus, Musk deer Moschus chrysogaster and other endangered Himalayan fauna thrive within Kahngchendzongs National Park at locations like Bikmatar, Satdharey, Kasturi Orar with healthy population.Snow leopard Uncia uncia, a highly endangered animal of Himalayan eco-system which is at the top of ecological pyramid has also shown remarkable population increase as reported although proper census has not been conducted for the last few age. People from far off places come to see this elusive animal and for research purposes. Protected area network of Sikkim has contributed a lot in respect to scientific research and monitoring of wild species with some students also having carried out PhD dissertations. The rich diversity of wild flora is also being protected and preserved in this network. Table 2. 1 Protected Area NetworkSl. No. Name of Protected Area Area in sq. km. District Biog eographic Province Altitude 1 Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary 104. 00 West 2C 2200-4100 m 2 Fambong lho Wildlife Sanctuary 51. 76 East 2C 1524-2749 m 3 Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary 31. 00 East 2C 3292-4116 m 4 Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary 35. 34 South 2C 2400-3263 m 5 Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary 128. 00 East 2C 6 Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary 43. 00 North 1B 3048-4575 m 7 Kitam Bird Sanctuary 6. 00 South 300-1000 m 8 Khangchendzonga National Park 1784. 00 North/West 1B Total Protected Area 2183. 10 Total Geographical Area 7096. 00 9 Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve 620. 00 North/West 1B & 2C 2725-5537 m 10 National Park 1784. 00 North/West 11 Buffer area 836. 00 North/West Note 1. Protected Area Network does not include area under buffer zone of a biosphere reserve. 2. Total area under Protected Area Network of State is 2183. 10 sq. km. (i. e. 30. 77% of the total geographical area) 3. Total area under Protected Area Network including the buffer zone of biosphere reserve in State is 3 019. 10 sq. km. (i. e. 42. 55 % of the total geographical area). 4. Total protected area including the biosphere reserve area is 51. 68 % of the total enter forest area of the state.Most of the Ecotourism potential is prevalent only in Protected areas and one of the most important destination is Khangchendzonga Massif itself which is considered as cultural heritage and deity of Sikkim people, which also fall within Protected area in the name of Khangchendzonga National Park, which is a nucleus center for attracting tourists off far and wide and some other important places of interest also do exist only inside the Protected areas such as Dzongri trail, Green Lake, different varieties of Rhododendron species, glaciers ,alpine flowers , grassland, high cliffs , water travel , caves and other small lakes which are considered sacred place for pilgrimage.In order to have glimpses of this natural landscapes, tourists from far off places used to visit Sikkim which is contributing economy a t the local level as it stimulates profitable domestic industries hotels , restaurants, transport systems , souvenirs and handicrafts and guide services. Without governance strategy and interest in preserving this rich bio-diversity and cultural heritage and without active people participation this fragile environment would not have been preserved and protected so far. Hence this protected areas network has contributed much to the economy of the State as well as in preserving the wilderness and providing sustainable livelihoods to the people nourishment in the buffer. State of Environment 2007 Sikkim 11 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity AVIFAUNAL DIVERSITY With in an area of 0. % of India, the Sikkim harbors around 550 bird species representing around 30% of the aggregate bird species and subspecies arrange in the entire Indian subcontinent. This region of the Central Himalayas lies within the Eastern Himalayas Endemic Bird Area (EBA) and for several bird species such as Chestn ut-breasted heap Partridge Arborophila mandelli, Rusty-bellied Shortwing Brachypteryx hyperythra and White-naped Yuhina Yuhina bakeri this EBA is very important. It also has globally threatened species such as the Black-necked Crane Grus nigricollis and Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni. There are eleven IBAs recognized by the Government of Sikkim in the State. Table 2. 2 List of exist Birds make in Sikkim Critically Endangered oriental White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis Slender-billed VultureGyps tenuirostris Vulnerable Baers Pochard Aythya baeri Pallass Fish-Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni Red-breasted Hill-Partridge Arborophila mandellii Blyths Tragopan Tragopan blythii Black necked Crane Grus nigricollis forest Snipe Gallinago nemoricola Rufous-necked Hornbill Aceros nipalensis Rusty-bellied Shortwing Brachypteryx hyperythra Slender-billed Babbler Turdoides longirostris Black-breasted Parrotbill Paradoxornis fla virostris Hodgsons Prinia Prinia cinereocapilla Beautiful nutcracker Sitta Formosa Near Threatened Satyr Tragopan Tragopan satyra Giant Babax Babax waddelliEndemic Bird Area 130 Eastern Himalayas Rusty-bellied Shortwing Brachypteryx hyperythra Hoary-throated Barwing Actinodura nipalensis White-naped Yuhina Yuhina bakeri Red-breasted Hill-Partridge Arborophila mandellii Black-browed Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus cantator Wards Trogon Harpactes wardii Rufous-throated Wren-Babbler Spelaeornis caudatus Wedge-billed Wren-Babbler Sphenocichla humei Broad-billed Flycatcher-Warbler Tickellia hodgsoni Giant Babax Babax waddelli Endemic Bird Area 133 Tibetan Plateau Hoary-throated Barwing Actinodura nipalensis Broad-billed Flycatcher-Warbler Tickellia hodgsoni State of Environment 2007 Sikkim 12 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity 1.DOMBANG VALLEY-LACHUNG-LEMA-TSUNGTHANG A full checklist of this site is not available but the bird records keep by the department show that this area could have si gnificant populations of Vulnerable Beautiful Nuthatch Sitta formosa and Wood Snipe Gallinago nemoricola. The site lies in Eastern Himalayas Endemic Bird Area (EBA 130) where Stattersfield et al. (1998) have identified 21 restricted range species. Only one such species, White-naped Yuhina Yuhina bakeri has been noticed till now (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2002), but looking at the extent of pristine habitat still available in this site, more restricted range species are likely to be found here.This complex, with wide altitudinal variation, basically lies in Biome-7 (Sino-Himalayan Temperate Forest), but avian elements of Biome-5 (Eurasian high montane Alpine and Tibetan) and Biome-8 (Sino-Himalayan Subtropical Forest) are also found as these biomes merge with Biome-7, and secondly, many birds show seasonal altitudinal guidement. Seventeen out of the 48 species listed in Biome-5 (BirdLife International, undated) are found in this site. Similarly, 47 out of 112 species listed in Biom e-7 are found here. As this site also has montane Mixed broad-leaved- coniferous Forest, Broadleaf Evergreen Forest and Deciduous Forest, many species of Biome-8 are also found here. Thus, this site perhaps has the most numerous biome restricted species among all the sites of Sikkim.The important birds of the valley are Himalayan Griffon Gyps himalayensis, Wood Snipe Gallinago nemoricola, Snow Pigeon Columba leuconota, Grandala Grandala coelicolor, Plain Mountain-Finch Leucosticte nemoricola and Hill Partridge Arborophila torqueola. A specimen of Tibetan Horned Owl (Eurasian Eagle-Owl) Bubo bubo from Lema was collected and deposited with BNHS. TSO LHAMO PLATEAU-LASHAR-SEBU LA-YUMESAMDONG COMPLEX A total of around 227 birds have been recorded from this c. 500 sq. km area, including four globally threatened species, three Restricted Range species and 93 Biome-restricted species (Ganguli-Lachungpa and Rahmani 2003). One of these, Babax waddelli, is reported only from extreme northeast Sikkim from 2,700-4,400 m in the Tibetan Plateau facies (EBA-133) in Hippophae thickets.It is found in dense deciduous scrub above tree-line and edge of coniferous forest (Stattersfield et al. 1998). It is reported as locally common (Ali and Ripley 1987). This site in the Eastern Himalayas Endemic Bird Area is the highest altitude eco-region in Sikkim spanning two biomes, Sino- Himalayan Temperate Forest (Biome-7) and Eurasian High Montane (Alpine and Tibetan) (Biome-5) as described by BirdLife International (undated). Of the 48 Biome-5 (Eurasian High Montane Alpine and Tibetan) species, 35 occur here and of the 112 Biome-7 (Sino-Himalayan Temperate Forest) species, at least 12 are from here. More are likely to be found after(prenominal) detailed investigations.The important breeding bird species recorded here are Tibetan Snowcock Tetraogallus tibetanus, Black-necked Crane Grus nigricollis, Brahminy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea, Common Redshank Tringa totanus, Tibetan Sandgrouse Sy rrhaptes tibetanus, Snow Pigeon Columba leuconota, Robin Accentor Prunella rubeculoides, Guldenstadts Redstart Phoenicurus erythrogaster, Plain Mountain Finch Leucosticte nemoricola, Black-headed Mountain Finch Leucosticte brandti, Mandellis Snowfinch Pyrgilauda taczanowskii, Tibetan Snowfinch Montifringilla adamsi, Plain-backed Snowfinch Pyrgilauda blanfordi, Rufous-necked Snowfinch Pyrgilauda ruficollis, Humes Groundpecker Pseudopodoces humilis, Yellow-billed Chough Pyrrhocorax graculus, Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus, Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos and Little Owl Athene noctua. Some of the non-breeding birds are Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni, Bar-headed twinge Anser indicus and Common Hoopoe Upupa epops. State of Environment 2007 Sikkim 13Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity Map 2. 2 Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary, West Sikkim Source Wildlife Division, Forest department BARSEY RHODODENDRON SANCTUARY This is an important IBA on the southeast corner of Sikkim with Nepal as i ts western border and contiguity with KBR and Singalila, stretching from alpine meadows down to subtropical forests. Birds from biomes 5, 7, 8 and 9 have been recorded here including at least three globally threatened species, two restricted range species, five out of 48 Biome-5 species, 38 out of 112 Biome-7 species, 21 out of 96 Biome-8 species and three out of 9 Biome-9 species. However, much more research input is needed.During a brief survey in September 1996, Biome-7 birds such as White-browed Tit- Babbler Alcippe vinipectus, Rufous Sibia Heterophasia capistrata, Grey-faced Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus maculipennis, Orange-gorgeted Flycatcher Ficedula strophiata, Rufous-bellied Niltava Niltava sundara, Rufous-bellied Crested Tit Parus rubidiventris and Red-headed Bullfinch Pyrrhula erythrocephala were ringed with BNHS rings. State of Environment 2007 Sikkim 14 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity Map 2. 3 Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary, East Sikkim Source Wildlife Division, Forest Department FAMBONG LHO WLS HIMALAYAN ZOOLOGICAL PARK RATEY CHU RESERVE FOREST COMPLEX Over 281 species of birds have been reported from this area, enemy the bustling township of Gangtok. Of these, the Oriental White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis not seen since the slaughterhouse at Gangtok was shifted to south to Rangpo almost a decade ago. The Rufous-necked Hornbill Aceros nipalensis reported by Ali (1962) from Gangtok has not been sighted lately.The Beautiful Nuthatch Sitta formosa a globally threatened is still found, while the Rusty-bellied Shortwing Brachypteryx hyperythra was remarkably easily netted and ringed both in Fambong Lho and Himalayan Zoological Park in the 2001 BNHS Bird-Banding Programme. The Red-breasted Hill-Partridge Arborophila mandellii was reported by Ali (1962) from Gangtok but not heard or sighted recently unlike the commoner Hill Partridge Arborophila torqueola. The Hoary-throated Barwing Actinodura nipalensis and the White-naped Yuhina Yuhina bakeri are restricted range species reported from this IBA (Anon 2002). In this Eastern Himalayas Endemic Bird Area, four out of 21 restricted range species, at least five out of 48 Biome-5 species, 49 out of 112 Biome-7 species, 38 out of 96 Biome-8 species and three out of 19 Biome-9 species are found (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2003).Other bird species include the biome-restricted Mountain Imperial Pigeon Ducula badia, Slaty-headed Parakeet Psittacula himalayana, Red-winged crested Cuckoo Clamator coromandus, Large Green-billed State of Environment 2007 Sikkim 15 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity State of Environment 2007 Sikkim 16 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity KHANGCHENDZON HERE RESERVE Some important birding habitats here are D tam-Uttarey-Chitrey-Chewabhanjyang, the Rathong hu Valley along the Yoksum- Dzongri-Goecha La trekking trail, Tashiding, Rabdentse, Dubdi, Khecheopalri guthang- Gre GA NATIONAL PARK AND BIOSP C en all in West Sikkim Tholung Valley in Dzongu, Tsungthang-Mens hithang-Lachen- Thangu, the Muke route including the Zemu Glacier-Zemu Chu Valley, all in North Sikkim. Due to the size and en La altitude elevations in this IBA, birds recorded are from at least four biomes.Thus this IBA has at least 127 bird species of preservation concern including seven globally threatened and restricted range species, 24 species of Biome-5, 67 of Biome-7, 26 of Biome-8 and three listed in Biome-9. Birds like Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni have been recorded from northern Trans-Himalayan part of the IBA while Baers Pochard Aythya baeri has been sighted in Lake Khecheopalri along with wintering Mergansers Mergus merganser and Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis (Ganguli-Lachungpa 1991), Mallard Anas platyrhynchos, Common Teal Anas crecca and crested Pochard Aythya fuligula. The Osprey Pandion haliaetus, protected under Schedule-I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, was killed atYoksum while fishing in the State Forest Departments fishpond (Ganguli-Lachu ngpa 1990).Black-necked Crane Grus nigricollis has been recorded from the Muguthang area of Lhonak Valley IBA contiguous to the north (Ganguli-Lachungpa 1998). A large loose flock of dark eagles (unidentified) was videographed, during a trek to Dzongri in December 1999, flying southwards along with Himalayan Griffon Gyps himalayensis and Lammergeier or Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2003). Local Lepcha people at Tholung report a unique phenomenon of congregations of either Ashy Wood-Pigeon Columba pulchricollis or Common Wood-Pigeon Columba palumbus near the Tholung hot-springs (a days trek from jeepable road) in spend (Chumden Nangpa pers. comm. 000), an annual event that has got disrupted due to development of the area for tourism (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2003). High altitude lakes at Kishong La are important stopover sites not only for migratory waterfowl but also for resident breeding birds like Brahminy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea ducklings collec ted from here in 1986 survived for around five years at Gangtoks Deer Park enclosure at Tashiling Secretariat (C. B. Bhujel pers comm. 2000). KYONGNOSLA ALPINE SANCTUARY TSOMGO- TAMZE-CHOLA COMPLEX P sp of this site, the most prominent one would be the Wood Snipe Gallinago nemoricola, as it possiblrre (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2003). Satyr Tragopan Tragopan satyra at the upper limit of its b ange, and Himalayan Monal Lophophophorus impejanus, the former considered as Near Threatened (BirdLife International 2001), are also residents. The Snow Pigeon Columba leuconota come down here in winter. Other species of interest are the Fire-tailed Sunbird Aethopyga ignicauda and Gold-naped Black Finch Pyrrhoplectes epauletta, birds of temperate forest. Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos and Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga, Brown-headed Gull Larus brunnicephalus with Tufted Pochard Aythya fuligula were seen occasionally in Tsomgo Lake during the winter Asian Waterfowl Census (AWC). Pallass Fish -Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus was once seen in the forest patch below Tamzey during a survey for Red Panda in 1998 (U. Lachungpa pers. omm. 2003). The site is located in the Eastern Himalayas Endemic Bird Area (EBA-130) where 21 species have been listed of which only one species, the Hoary-throated Barwing Actinodura nipalensis, has been found till now but more are likely to occur. Perhaps the most important reason for selection of this site as an IBA is the presence of large number of biome restricted species of three biome types. Although, this site lies chiefly in Biome-7 (Sino- Himalayan Temperate Forest), birds of Biome -5 (Eurasian High Montane Alpine and Tibetan) and Biome-8 (Sino-Himalayan Subtropical Forest) are also seen, mainly due to their altitudinal movement.In winter, birds of Biome-5 move down, so we see species such as Rosy Pipit Anthus roseus, Snow Pigeon Columba leuconota, Alpine Accentor Prunella collaris and others in this site. Thirteen out of 48 species of th is biome have been seen in this IBA. Expectedly, the largest number of biome restricted species is from Biome-7 35 out of 112 species but more are likely to be present. As the boundary between Biome-7 and Biome-8 is very diffuse (like all other biomes), some species are likely to be present in both the biomes. Till now, U. Lachungpa (pers. comm. 2003) has been able to locate only two biome restricted species, Grey-winged Blackbird Turdus boulboul and Black-spottedYellow-Tit Parus spilonotus, of Biome-8 in this IBA. Lhonak Valley is the famed flyway of migratory waterfowl (Ali 1962).Many Vulnerable and Biome-5 restricted species breed here such as the Tibetan Snowcock Tetraogallus tibetanus, Black-necked Crane (unsuccessful nesting attempt at Tebleh Tso, Muguthang), the Tibetan Sandgrouse Syrrhaptes tibetanus, the Guldenstadts Redstart Phoenicurus erythrogaster, the Humes Groundpecker Pseudopodoces humilis. State of Environment 2007 Sikkim 17 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity Map 2. 5 Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim Source Wildlife Division, Forest Department Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary, South State of Environment 2007 Sikkim 18 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity ng the lowest altitude IBA in Sikkim, this site has records of birds restricted to biomes erhaps due to seasonal altitudinal migration as well as the telescoping effewhere in a distance of c. 100 km, habitats ranging from lowland subtropical forests ton be seen (Ali 1962).Hence, as many as 14 globally threatened and restricted range speat least four Biome-5 species, 15 Biome-7 species, 33 Biome-8 species and seven Biome- 9 sperded from this IBA. The lowland forests of Sikkim are home to several species identified ad by BirdLife International (2001) Great Pied Hornbill Buceros bicornis now restrir tea estates, Red-breasted Partridge Arborophila mandelli (not recorded recently) anrpactes wardi. The Nepal Wren-Babbler Pnoepyga immaculata could also occur here. Duconducted here in 1996, no potenti al habitat was found for the Rufous-necked Hornbill . Biome-5 species like Ibisbill Ibidorhyncha struthersii are regularly recorded in winter onat Rangit river Wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria recorded from Trans-Himalayan Lhonaake) and other high altitude sites is also recorded from this IBA.The Collarex caerulescens was found breeding in 1996 very close to human habitation, hawkinge Fisheries Department pond at Baguwa but cleverly avoiding the mist-nets set arounds sighted at Baguwa and Jorethang in October 1996 (Ganguli-Lachungpa 1996). All these IBA a very interesting bird watching and conservation area. MAENAM WILDLIFE SANCTUARY TENDONG RF There are several villages fringing this IBA due to which the habitat is open in several pla es of dense forest provides ideal bird hab 1998). The site lies in the Eastern Himalayas Endemic Bird Area (EBA- 130), in which Stattersfield et al. (1998) have listed 21 restricted range species. Eight of these have been seen here (U. Lachungpa pers. c omm. 2003). This mid-altitude IBA falls mainly in Sino-Himalayan Temperate Forest (Biome-7). BirdLife International (undated) has listed 112 species in this biome, of which 53 are found here.The higher reaches of this IBA, above 3,000 m show some birds of Biome-5 (Eurasian High Montane Alpine and Tibetan) where 48 species are listed and seven are seen in this site. At lower reaches, Biome- 7 merges with Biome-8 (Sino-Himalayan Subtropical Forest) where 95 species are listed. Almost half of them (42 species) have been found here. Some areas of this IBA, especially in the valleys also show some faunal elements of Biome-9 (Indo-Chinese Tropical Moist Forest). Four species of this biome are also found here. They are Grey Peacock Pheasant Polyplectron bicalcaratum (unconfirmed), Pale-headed Woodpecker Gecinulus grantia, Greater Necklaced Laughingthrush Garrulax pectoralis and Sultan Tit Melanochlora sultanea. State of Environment 2007 Sikkim 19Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity Map 2. 7 Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary, East Sikkim Source Wildlife Division, Forest Department Map 2. 8 Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary, North Sikkim State of Environment 2007 Sikkim 20 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity PANGOLAKHA WILDLIFE SANCTUARYZULUKBEDANG TSO NATU LA n passes of Natu La and Jelep La (La = Pass) form the routes for migratoover at the various wetlands in the area, especially Bedang Tso Lapejanus (locally called as Feydong) used to be found here hence the name Bedang Tso. Sometimes there is mass migrationilvus and (unidentified) eagles. The Sherathang marshes are one aTadorna ferruginea breeds.Some birds of this complex are Eu and Wood Snipe Gallinago nemoricola, a globally threateccasionally seen on the banks of the Bedang Tso. Hill Pigeons Colchimneys of local houses in snowy winters. The Snow Pigeon Colum, Himalayan Monal and Gold-naped Black Finch Pyrrhoplectes epaes. The Pallass Fish-Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus was once seen iha range in 1994. Large Cormorant Pha lacrocorax carbo and Bar-hea sighted at Bedang Tso in 1992 (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2003). so harmani, a Near Threatened species, has been reported from Kup La . This area falls under PangolakhaWildlife Sanctuary and is adjane of the two endemic birds in Southern Tibet (e of mixed Broadleaf Coniferous forest Rhododendron, Juniper and det al. 1998). Another Near Threatened species found in.Due to great altitudinal variation from 1300 m to above 4,000 m, three bian High Montane (Alpine and Tibetan), from above 3,600 m st, between 1,800 m and 3,600 m and, Biome-8 Sino-Himalayan Sub c. 1,000 m to 2,000 m (BirdLife International, undatedh 11 are found a t this site. YUMTHANG The globally threatened Wood Snipe Gallinago nemoricola is occasionally seen in the Rhododendron-Fir forest of Shingba, and Ibisbill breeds on the shingle beds of the Yumthang Chu in small numbers, usually not more than two pairs. Grandala Grandala coelicolor, a local altitudinal migrant, is seen sometimes in appar ently all-female flocks. Blood Pheasant Ithaginis cruentus and Himalayan Monal Lophophorus impejanus breed in the higher reaches of the Sanctuary while the Himalayan Griffon Gyps himalayensis is a resident of the cold desert.Goulds Shortwing Brachypteryx stellata, Rufous-bellied Crested Tit Parus rubidiventris and the restricted range Hoary-throated Barwing Actinodura nipalensis are common in forest patches. The Fire-tailed Sunbird Aethopyga ignicauda is conspicuous when Rhododendrons are in bloom. Rufous-bellied Eagle Hieraaetus kienerii was sighted in Yumthang in June 1984. Jungle Crows are now resident at this altitude of c. 4,000 m with change magnitude tourist pressure (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2003). This IBA lies at the interface of Biome-5 (Eurasian High Montane Alpine and Tibetan) and Biome-7 (Sino-Himalayan Temperate Forest). Therefore, species of both biomes are represented.It has alpine meadows and scrubs, so we get Tibetan Partridge Perdix hodgsoniae, Tibetan Snowcock Tetraogallus tibetanus and Humes Short-toed Lark Calandrella acutirostris, while at slightly lower altitude where Montane Broadleaf Evergreen and Mixed BroadleafConiferous Forest are found, species representing Biome-7 predominate. BirdLife International (undated) has listed 48 species in Biome-5, out of which 19 have been seen in this IBA. The Biome-7 has a long list of 112 species, of which 19 are found here. Looking at the intact habitat and the fact that no one has conducted detailed study on the avifauna of this site, more species of this biome are likely to be found here. State of Environment 2007 Sikkim 21

Lives of the Saints Essay

In Shakespeargons Hamlet and Nino Riccis Lives of the Saints some(prenominal) demonstrate different visions of women. Comparing weak and indecisive women in Hamlet as to strong and self-sufficient women in Lives of the Saints.Ophelia in Hamlet is citeized many times as a weak women especially in the quote, frailty thy name is woman. She is completely dependent on her buzz off and proves her dependence when she acts cruel to Hamlet. Which goes against her square feelings toward Hamlet. Afterwords Ophelia agrees to not see Hamlet anymore, I shall obey my lord. Which shows Poloniouss control over his daughter. Ophelias actions show that she bequeath do anything to please her father, even making a soulfulnessal sacrifice which she doesnt agree with. Ophelias desire to please her father leads her to be used as a puppet in golf club for the King and Polonious to spy on Hamlet, Ophelias leave behindingness to spy on a person she truly loves, shows her true nature toward her father .Even when Hamlet harasses Ophelia and tells her to go to a nunnery, Ophelia had the inability to defend herself. When her father passes on, Ophelia is left by herself, with no one to give her guidance. Instead of trying to move on with her life, she calls for her brother hoping he will have a plan for her, My brother shall know of it and so I thank you for your good counsel. Poloniouss was irreplaceable and finally Ophelia realizes this I would give you some violets, but they withitherd all when my father died.The import of the violets are that they symbolize faithfulness and they all died because she felt useless without her father.Ophelias death is in expiration of her dependence and weakness of character.Overall, Ophelia goes mad because she has no position in society. Men have continuously staged her some, used her, pulling her mind in every direction. She put her faith in one person and never made her own decisions. Similar to Ophelia is Gertrude. She is also characterize d by the quote, frailty thy name is woman. Gertrude depends on her husband. Gertrude craving for the attention that she loses when her husband dies, quickly marries Claudius, her husbands brother. Shakespeare displays that women have no back bone and our weak. As if they could not operate with out others, men especially.Nino Ricci demonstrates a whole different side of women, he shows that women are strong and independent. The character that illustrates these qualities is Cristina, she open fired her child Vittorio alone. Unlike the women in Hamlet, Cristina didnt need a man to help her raise her child or to get through life. When her son gets beat up at school, she doesnt fairish ignore it. She takes physical action about the situation Ill make her pay for this, Vittorio, youll see, by the wrinkle of Christ Ill make her pay. The wiping at some tears in her own eyes, she took me suddenly by the hand and marched me out the door into the street. (107).Cristina is defiantly not a pushover and stands up for what she believes in. She lives in a village where the women stay at home and the men work out in the field and everyone believed in strange superstitions. Cristina was against her villages expectations and went against what everyone thought. Cristina is outspoken and self-assured. She has a feminist point of view and is vey confident in it, she says Hes probably slept with every whore in America by now, but for me its a disgrace. (154). Cristina is explaining about her husband Mario but it is also a statement in general about men. Guys grass go around going from girl to girl to girl and its not a problem. But if a women were to do the same thing, even if it was just with one guy its an absolute disgrace. This book was based in 1960 and the same sentence could apply to 2012. Also has significance to the text because she had an affair and the whole town put up out, which then they treated her with disgust.Cristina also states Women have had their faces up their asses for too long, they let their men run around like goats and then theyre happy if they dont come home and beat them (154) It is mortify that women are seen as whores when they have affairs, especially when its said by other women. Theyre oppressing their own grammatical gender when saying it. She finally decides to move away and says her final words to the village You are the ones who are dead,not me, because not one of you knows what it means to be free and to make a choice, and I pray to God that he wipes this town and all its stupidities off the face of the earth (184)Most women wouldnt have spoke there mind, especially a woman like Ophelia or Gertrude. Cristina constantly fought with her father and always disagreed Long arguments were carried on daily between kitchen and bedroom, tension hovering around.(154). She finally got fed up with living with her father and hearing his sagacity she said Then to hell with all of you Ill go to Rome, Naples, anywhere. She ha d the courage and strength to leave her father and start a life somewhere else, mean while Ophelia couldnt last a touch days with out her father and killed her self. Nino Ricci illustrates women to be outspoken, independent and powerful.In the end of each story both women characters die. The difference is the way they lived their life. Cristina at least lived her life, standing up for what she believe in and having her own opinion. As for Ophelia lived a lie, as she was a spineless imbecile always doing what others told her to do and had a pathetic death. Shakespeare and Nino Ricci whitethorn have very different vision on women but at the same time they are both very accurate views.