The Tests That Can Determine an Entire Future Essay Example for Free

The Tests That Can Determine an Entire Future EssayAlbert Einstein once said, It is the supreme maneuver of the teacher to awaken joy in creative expression and cognition. How, though, may teachers follow these wise words, when they must(prenominal) constantly worry about educating their students so they domiciliate drop down just one of the many a nonher(prenominal) standardized tests thrust upon them? John Dewey, an American philosopher, also said, The real process of commandment should be the process of learn to think through the application of real puzzles. How, though, can students possibly learn critical thinking if they atomic number 18 forced to learn through relentless memorization and formulatesheets in order for them to pass one test upon which their futures so highly depend? This phenomenon of accountability interrogation and holding teachers accountable for tons has swept across the country, creating a negative approach to educating the youth of America. Due to the lack of validity of these tests and the negative effects on teachers and students, standardized testing is ruining the public education system.With accountability for standardized testing being a new trend in America, today, many do not realize how long ago they were truly workoutd and why they are being used right off. Dan Fletcher wrote in a Time magazine article that China was the first country to ever sustain standardized tests, which were used to test government officials (4). This new idea began to move westward, but writing essays was still the favored method of testing. However, in 1905, America began to set to the new trend, and Alfred Binet developed the IQ test, which emerged as an easy way to test large numbers of students quickly(Fletcher 5). Today, standardized tests have become the sole measure of not only student success, but also the success of the civilise and teachers.A few years ago, in 2001, George W. Bush passed the No Child left over(p) s tinker Act (NCLB), which expanded state-mandated standardized testing as means of assessing school dischargeance (How Standardized Testing). The passing of this law brought about an enormous wave of change. Schools now use standardized testing to determine if children are ready for schoolto diagnose for acquirement disability, retardation and other handicaps and to decide whether to promote, retain in grade, or graduate many students (How Standardized Testing). Obviously, there have been many changes made to the idea of standardized testing. Society has gone from using them to test government officials to now using the tests as a means of judging a students knowledge.Yet, are they actually helping America?Research, from the present and the past, has shown that education in America has seen no improvement since the go around of standardized testing. In 1999, according to the National Research Center, In comparison with students from 143 other countries, American students finished in the lowest quarter in geometry and graded second from the bottom in algebra (Sykes). Ten years later, America is still experiencing low stats, even with the passing of the NCLB Act. There are many statistics showing the line of the United States in the global rankings U.S. students slipped from 18th in the world in math in 2000 to 31st place in 2009, with a similar crash in science and no change in reading (Is the Use of). It is ironic that this decline became noticeable not long after Bushs NCLB Act was passed, with the think purpose of bettering the education of Americas students.One reason for this digression is the fact that the tests favor not only white Americans, but also the wealthy. There have been many critics who have said that standardized tests are racist because of the difference in doing Evidence of such differences in test scores raise the yield that perhaps these tests are discriminating. Tests do not recognize that students of different cultures may have d ifferent learning styles (Hudson 52). For this reason, Hispanics, African-Americans and foreign exchange students do not take in high success rates on these tests. Furthermore, the tests tend to favor the wealthy, kinda than the less fortunate studentsThere is no question that students with greater resources and economic opportunities perform better as a general rule on standardized testsstandardized tests are unfair because the questions require a set of knowledge and skills more plausibly to be possessed by children from a privileged background.(Hudson 50)In a country where discrimination is ruled unconstitutional, would one not think that government officials would work to eliminate this? Not only are these tests favorable to certain people, but it does not help that accountability tests have become the sole determinant of students knowledge and their readiness to move on with their education. It is now to the point where schools require students to pass an exit exam before th ey can graduate from high school. Even if the students pass all their courses, they can be denied their diplomas (Hudson 57). It is completely incomprehensible that a student can pass every single one of his or her high school courses needed to graduate, but he or she will not receive a diploma because of one, single, measly test score.Not only does this issue hap with high school, but there is even more pressure on students when it comes to getting into a college The ACT and its counterpart, the SAT, have become one of the largest determining factors in the college-admissions process, particularly for elite schools (Fletcher 4). So, now students cannot even get into the college of their choice without meeting the required standards on one of these ridiculous tests. Making matters worse, there are so many things that can go wrong on the day of that one test that can decide a students future Studies have documented that how students have intercourse on standardized tests can be gre atly influenced by a host of external factors, including stress over taking the test, amount of sleep, distractions at the testing site, time of day, emotional state and others (French 64). If this is so, then why do government officials continue to falsely judge Americas knowledge by basing its success on the performance of one test?It is already bad enough that these outrageous tests are the sole basis of a students educational progress, but they also insult the students intelligence. These tests live of absolutely no curriculum whatsoever, and do not involve one bit of critical thinking The NCLB Act bypasses curriculum and standardsit demands that schools generate higher test scores in basic skills, but it requires no curriculum at all, nor does it raise standards (Ravitch 16).Therefore, all of the classes that students are required to take in high school, in reality, are not really helping them with these oh so important tests. They are completely excluding history, civics, lit erature, science, the arts, and geography (Ravitch 16). Instead, they test how to read graphs, reading comprehension, grammar, and other ridiculous things that do not really test a students full capability or creativity. For these reasons, a different approach to reform is needed-one that focalizationes on helping students develop high-levels of proficiency in the real-world and competencies they will need to succeed in the workplace tomorrow (Reha 46). By doing this, America would be significantly helping its youth by preparing them for the future, rather than preparing them for a single test with no critical thinking at all.Unfortunately, there have been no changes made since the spread of standardized testing evolved positive changes, that is. As an effect of this phenomenon, there have been many changes in the way teachers must teach, and the way the environment must be within their classrooms. Now, teachers find themselves teaching to the test, rather than getting their studen ts involved in real-life decision making They are forced to teach in ways that are not developmentally appropriate and do not promote critical thinking and decision-making (Solley 53). What good is it doing a student by make full out multiple choice essays, rather than learning how to problem solve and make good decisions? Now, it is all rote learning, and less real learningkids fill out more worksheets, answer more questions at the end of text edition chapters, and participate in more drills (Reha 45), than ever before.It is no surprise that teachers are very opposed to this method, and are often fighting against it. David Berliner and Sharon L. Nichols, authors of Has No Child Left Behind Been Good for Education, wrote that they often found teachers and administrators repeatedly telling them that they were being held responsible for their students performance regardless of other factors that may affect it. They found teachers have-to doe with about their loss of moraleand the u ndercutting of their professionalism (49). Apparently, teachers feelings do not matter in this country. America has made it obvious that teachers no longer have a say in how they teach and the way they run their classrooms, which only causes an inevitable chain of negativity leading to the students, themselves.With all of these negative changes that must be made by the teachers, it is no wonder why students are becoming less motivated to learn. People cannot expect students to honestly want to sit through a boring welt about the facts and statistics that they must memorize just so they can pass one, single test Schools no longer strive to create informed citizens instead, they focus only on teaching children what is essential for them to know to pass the government-mandated standardized tests.As a result, childrens motivation and learning suffer (Solley 41). As previously said, teachers must have students fill out more worksheets and multiple choice exams than ever how could that p ossibly be fun for a child? Bobbie A. Solley, author of Education, wrote that children are now under increased pressure to perform on demand, memorize mundane facts and figures, and sit for long periods of time while listening to the teacher and/or filling in circles on a worksheet (49). How could a student feel motivated to go to school knowing that this is what he or she will be doing for the spotless day?Think about it. Think about what the futures of students could look like without standardized testing. Picture how stress free their lives could be, without any added pressures of performing well on these ridiculous tests. Imagine them being able to engage in critical thinking and decision-making that will help them in the real-world, rather than engaging in learning just for one test. If only people would see how successful the youth of America could be without the use of standardized testing.

Project on Motivation of Nurses Essay Example for Free

Project on Motivation of Nurses EssayThe most traumatic and stressful moments of an individuals life be when he or she is taken ill. Nurses are synonymous with care and attention in times of need such as these. In a world by and large goaded my personal ambition and corporate profit, nurses with their committedness to patient welfare and selfless service, provide a contrasting study. A nurse acts as a saver in distress and is often c exclusivelyed upon to make great personal sacrifices in the discharge of her duties. The profession of nursing, is therefore, non merely a job and the potenti aloney potently insights ab turn out commitment to mesh that they could provide encouraged us to choose them as our subjects of study. As part of the Phase I of the project, we interviewed four nurses who were diverse in the amount of go steady each had, the hierarchy in which they were working in the hospital and the backgrounds from which each of them came. This was done to study the commitment of employees towards an make-up and understand the several(a) factors which cause the analogous we assume selected a study of nursing staff in hospitals.From the interviews, many broad themes emerged, all of which point correlate positively with their luxuriously commitment level to the organization. These points logically lead us to our hypothesis as to what keeps them committed to their place of work. However, there were some key themes which we noted across all four of our respondents. All the nurses were truly excited by the kind of recognition that the hospital was willing to give them. They seemed to treat this as a reward for their difficult work and dedication and were motivated by it. All nurses were also impressed by their working relationship with their superiors (Head Nurse/Doctor) in the hospital who treated them as members of a family and with much respect. Nurses were also willing to stay on with the hospital because it provided them with opportuniti es for personal partment. Accordingly our hypotheses are as follows* There is a positive coefficient of correlational statistics amid the amount of recognition that the nurses receive for their work and their commitment to the organization * There is a positive correlation between the positive relationship between the doctors/supervisors and the nurses and the commitment of the nurses to the organization * There is a positive correlation between the opportunity for study and personal teaching that the organization provides and the commitment of the nurses to the organization question METHODOLOGYBased on our earlier survey of 4 respondents, we determined that the following terzetto variables play a key role in determine the commitment of nurses to their respective hospitals* Recognition* Relationship with superiors* Learning and DevelopmentWe urinate then tried to identify whether these three variables existently affect commitment levels of nurses at various nursing organiza tions. For the same, we carried out a survey of 30 nurses with diverse backgrounds (a detailed description of the respondents is covered in the following section) and questioned them on a scurf of 5 to 1 (5 Strongly Agree, 1 Strongly Disagree) on 24 questions. Since our hypothesis determines 3 variables as affecting commitment, we tested the existence of each these three independent variables by framing four questions for each variables. Similarly, we determined commitment levels of the nurses through a set of 12 questions. By using a 5-point scale, we have captured not only theexistence, but the extent of existence of these variables. Since we found the responses to be reliable, we determined the correlation between the three independent variables and the dependent variable commitment to see whether our hypothesis of is correct.Hospitals chosen for the surveyWe surveyed nurses from 4 different hospitals to ensure innovation. The organizations range from a large hospital located i n a urban center like Bangalore, to mid-sized hospitals located in Tier-2 cities like Ajmer and Allahabad and a foc utilize surgical-specialty hospital located in a smaller town like Varanasi. This selection lends diversity to our respondents through differences in location, specialization of hospitals, daily footfall (reflecting magnitude of work for the nurses), number of departments etc. Refer Appendix 1 for a description of the hospitals used for out survey.General Profile of the NursesWe have ensured diversity in our respondents while choosing nurses at all of the survey hospitals. The diversity ranges age, number of years worked at the organization and departments worked in.QUESTIONS IN THE SURVEYThe questions in the survey were aimed at understanding the extent to which each of our three independent variables and our dependent variable commitment was present in these organizations. We captured the different parameters relating to these variables by framing questions addressi ng various facets of these variables. Refer to Appendix 2 for detailed discussion on questions used for the survey.ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF THE SURVEY dependableness of scalesReliability is used to check the consistency of the question set under consideration. In this survey we are testing if the 3 hypothesis that we have come up with are explaining the commitment of employees towards organization. Reliability in a survey is measured by lot of ways and here we are checking internal consistency reliableness which indicates dependableness within the survey for the responses of similar type of questions.Reliability of dependent variable* Affective Commitment In affectional commitment the questions that are all trying to test for one feature- Attachment to Organization. The questions are direct and straight forward bringing out the required feature thus making it a set of good reliability. We have obtained a reliability scale of 0.6 for this set which is the highest amongst the 3 differ ent commitments scales that we have obtained. * Continuance Commitment In this set we are trying to test the commitment by knowing the dependence of the person on the organization and how much of a change it would mean to him to switch jobs. The reliability that we obtained for this set is 0.53 which is a high value for a one time survey result.This is a good indication of question set focusing on the same core question. * Normative Commitment This question set mainly tries to identify the belongingness the person has towards the organization. The question set is clear in conveying the same objective but this attribute is not so direct and easy to understand from an individuals perspective. Hence the survey respondents answers in this set have a lower value reliability of 0.39.Reliability of independent variablesFor first and third variables (recognition and learning festering), the reliability is low at 0.46 and 0.47 respectively while for the assist variable (relationship with superiors), the reliability is relatively high at 0.66.Recognition and Learning DevelopmentIts easy to see why responses to questions around Recognition and learning and development score so low in reliability. They are quite different from each other and same person can have very different responses to each of them, if they interpret the different questions to indicate different things. In comparison the questions related to relationships were fairly interrelated and are able to fetch more(prenominal) consistent responses. Overall reliability of all the responses is still lower than 0.7 which can be attributed to the fact that no pilot study was done, which could have been used as input for framing questions in a better way as to improve reliability of responses.Relationship with superiorsWe obtained highest reliability for responses for this hypothesis. Reliability for this was found to be 0.66, which is dear(p) acceptable range. The reason for higher reliability in this questi on set (Appendix 2) is attributable for ease of understanding the questions. Every person has a fair liking about relationships and these questions although quite different from each other give a fairly good direction the responder in terms of what is being asked. So they maintain consistency and hence higher comparative reliability.Correlation between prognosticator and dependent variablesa) Affective Commitment According to our expectation before the actual test results we came up with all 3 predictors are going to affect the Affective commitment. Recognition was one factor because the appreciation helps the employee (nurse) develop a splice with the organization. Also opportunities for personal development and training opportunities to assist this makes employees relish good which is essential to improve the commitment levels. Good relationships with superiors definitely help state develop an emotional bond with the organization. b) Continuance CommitmentContinuance commitm ent describes how the employee feel about staying longer in the organization and for this one of the most important reasons is economic considerations which are to some extent explained by rewards and recognition. The recognition obtained will motivate them to work better and stay longer in an organization. Also constant opportunities for growing and training will help them stay committed to organization. c) Normative Commitment This form of commitment mainly explains the sense of giving back to the organization and the predictor which we identified was most important was the relationships with supervisor (Head nurse/Doctor). Training and developments reflect investment done by organization on employees, so employees feel an province to stay committed to organization to pay itback, which increases their normative commitment.Actual resultsStatistical Significance of correlationsWith the acceptable alpha level being 0.05 for social science inquiry and no. of responders being 30, ( Dof = 28) gives critical value of correlation as 0.361. When compared with the results we obtained we notice that out of 9 correlations, 3 are not significant (value less than 0.361) and 6 are significant (Value higher than 0.361). When its significant we reject null hypothesis of no relationship and accept alternative hypothesis of existence of relationship. theory 1 From the results its apparent that hypothesis 1 is partially supported as only one correlation is significant out of 3. That is with emotive commitment. So we can interpret that Recognition affects emotional commitment but not the other two types of commitments. Hypothesis 2 For second hypothesis 2 out of 3 correlations are significant so its also partially supported.Relationship with doctors is not related to continuance commitment but related to affective and normative commitment. Hypothesis 3 Hypothesis 3 is completely supported as all the correlations are significant i.e. higher than 0.361. It means learning and d evelopment is related to all the dependent variables and affects all three dimensions of commitment i.e. Affective, Continuance, Normative which are considered here. Plausible explanation of variations between correlationsRecognition Recognition showed the highest correlation with affective commitment, while significant correlations were not established with the continuance and normative commitment. When nurses are recognized by the organization they tend to develop an emotional connect with the organization. They feel happier working in the hospital and a sense of belonging is nurtured within them. The appreciation received for the work translates into an attachment with the organization. This explains thecorrelation with affective commitment. The recognition is mostly in the form of awards and words of praise not monetary in nature. Therefore a significant continuance commitment has not been established. Similarly, recognition for work does not lead to a feeling of responsiblene ss towards the organization. Rather, the positivity generated by the appreciation of work manifests itself as an emotional attachment towards the organization, which is reflected in the correlation with affective commitment.Relationship with superiors This independent variable showed highest correlation with normative commitment and lower correlations with affective commitment, while correlation with continuance commitment was insignificant. The nurses tend to view the exceptionally good relationships with the doctors as being facilitated by the hospital. They therefore feel indebted to the hospital for providing them with an excellent working environment, which would be missing at other places. The incorrupt obligation that they feel towards their hospital for the respect and dignity with which doctors and supervisors treat them is translated into a high correlation for normative commitment. Learning and development It is seen from the results of the survey that learning and devel opment has a high correlation with Affective Commitment to the organization and comparatively low correlation with continuance and normative Commitment. Intuitively we expected high correlation between learning and development and normative commitment to the organization.This is because employees would feel an obligation towards an organization that invests time and resources to train its employees and ensure their personal development. However, we realize these may not necessarily hold true once we take into account the atypical nature of the nursing profession. Nurses feel sense of duty towards their patients and ethical and moral obligation to serve the sick to the best of their capacity. In fact, nurses who have been trained well, dealt with varied patient cases and experience a great deal of learning would perhaps experience higher motivation to the society. Hence perhaps they would experience low moral responsibility to staying back in the organization.We believe existence of a caring and people centric centering could be the reason for the high correlation between affective commitment and learning and development. An organization that has caring and people friendly management would earn emotional loyalty from its employees due to care and good treatment given to employees. Such anorganization would also take efforts to ensure that its human resources endlessly learn and develop so as to contribute to the success of the organization.

Arab Spring and the French Revolution Essay Example for Free

Arab Spring and the French Revolution EssayProsper (Reap the rewards of your preparation and performance) The try out must include the following Introduction paragraph (5 points) * starting line sentence is a quote use upd to overload the reader * You need to in-text cite the source of the quote * Then at least three sentences of French Revolution, Arab Spring background/historical context that sets up the dissertation * implement points from the French Revolution and Arab Spring * (Meaning dont respond to the prompt in the first four sentences) Thesis (15 points) A sophisticated, insightful, crystal clear thesis that states your argument and drives your essay * Thesis makes a claim that is analytical answering wherefore or How (Hint use the word because) *The thesis is the last sentence of the Introduction but is linked to each body paragraph topic (Claim) sentence soundbox Paragraphs Claim/Evidence (10 points) * Each topic (Claim) sentence must link to the Thesis otherwise I wont read the paragraph thusly no checks * Each topic sentence must be supported with evidence from resources (utilizing details/factsCharacters, Setting, Plot, QuotesDo Not Generalize * A good feel of thumb is that each topic sentence (body paragraph) is supported with three evidences. Body Warrant/Analysis (10 points) * Include creative and thoughtful analysis * Make wiz of FR/Prompt by stating something interesting and unique * Utilize Big Idea terms in your paragraphs (Analogy, Cause and Effect, Compare and Contrast, Foreshadowing, Irony, Nothing New nether the Sun, Paradox, Turning Points) * Explain the Big Ideas thoughtfully and all told Conclusion paragraph (5 points) Wrap the essay up with a conclusion that restates the main points of your essay * Do non include a new argument to the conclusion * Say something interesting Leave me in awe, impressed move my heart and straits Mechanics/ MLA Requirements (10 points) * Excellent sentence structure, grammar and punct uation * The account fulfills all MLA requirements (see checklist) * The Works Cited page is properly formatted (see checklist) * All of the required sources (3) are cited properly in the paper * The paper was submitted to turnitin. com by the deadline * The paper must be 850 1000 wordsEssay Rubric Unique/Original healthful Useful Basic lacking Introduction (5/55)ExemplaryCommendable candid equitable Poor 5 4. 5 4 3. 5 3 Proper Introduction * First sentence used to hook the reader * You need to in-text cite the source of the quote * Then at least three sentences of FR, Arab Spring background/historical context that sets up the thesisUnique/Original Strong Useful Basic Lacking Thesis (15/55)ExemplaryCommendable Capable Fair Poor 15 14 13 12 11 10 * A sophisticated, insightful, crystal clear thesis states your argument and drives your essay * Thesis makes a claim that is analytical answering why or How (Hint use the word because) * The thesis is the last sentence of the Introduc tion but is linked to each body paragraph topic (Claim) sentence 2+ 21 20 19 17 16 13 12 11 Body Claim/Evidence (10/55)ExemplaryCommendable Capable Fair Poor 10 pts 9 pts. 8 pts. 7 pts. 6 pts. * Each topic (Claim) sentence must link to the Thesis otherwise I wont read the paragraph indeed no checks * Each topic (Claim) sentence must be supported with evidence from resources (utilizing details/facts People, Setting, QuotesDo Not Generalize ) * Each detail/fact will be checked (). The more checks () the betterUnique/Original Strong Useful Basic Lacking Body Warrant/Analysis (10/55) ExemplaryCommendable Capable Fair Poor 10 pts 9 pts. 8 pts. 7 pts. 6 pts. * Include creative and thoughtful analysis * Say something interesting and unique * Utilize Big Idea terms in your sentences (Analogy, Cause and Effect, Compare and Contrast, Foreshadowing, Irony, Nothing New Under the Sun, Paradox, Turning Points) * Explain the Big Ideas thoughtfully and completely The ideas of the paper flow lo gically and are exceptionally statedUnique/Original Strong Useful Basic Lacking Conclusion (5/55)ExemplaryCommendable Capable Fair Poor 5 4. 5 4 3. 5 3 * Wrap the essay up with a conclusion that restates the main points of your essay * Do not include a new argument to the conclusion * Say something interesting Leave me in awe, impressed move my heart and mind Excellent Strong Useful Basic Lacking ExemplaryCommendable Capable Fair Poor 0 pts 9 pts. 8 pts. 7 pts. 6 pts. Mechanics/MLA (10/55) * Excellent sentence structure, grammar and punctuation * The paper fulfills all MLA requirements (see checklist) * The Works Cited page is properly formatted (see checklist)

The Beatles

The BeatlesBritish Popular Music Culture The Beatles INTRODUCTIONFor Chinese fans, the in alleged(prenominal) English Brit- gobble up is a memorable the symbols. It is filled with too many youth, while pacify in the radical generation of echoing symphony dream. Young flock are eagerly, completes obsessed with Westlife or Beyonce .Moment these unseasoned, the English stone muckle, but the youth has continue to effect peck from British golden decade. In the mid of 1960s, the Beatles is the fabled band affected the blustery generations. (American media used British Invasion to describe the Beatles band). The Beatles became popular quickly as well as their influence on internationalistic pop music is unprecedented. Even after they disbanded, they hurt continued to issue recordings of their songs and style unsounded prevails unabated. The 1960s pop music like society, everything has just begun.The Beatles brought a new music to youth, everywhere is full of energy, their music rapid changes and growth, just a few years to conquer the world. People praised them as Music God, macrocosm crazy or so them. Modern musicians rarely are not influenced by the Beatles. If American early wad use the rock and roll of wandering, confusion, and emptiness, the young pile in the get together Kingdom is to use rock music to break through the Victorian era has left all the old moral and handed-d testify values.BACKGROUNDAs an essential part of western culture, music has been influencing the people in all aspects. The need and appreciation for music is apparent that in the free-and-easy lives of people they are harking to it in movies, on TV and throughout all forms of other audio media. The majority of people withal choose to listen to music for pleasure in their leisure life. Not surprisingly the music can be a powerful tool with social influence and be able to change the lives of people. In another sense, music can be recognised as a powerful form of communica tion. Like some people capture said, It can be personal, political, opportunistic, and can be self-expressive with therapeutic effects due to the release of emotion. (British pop Music http//www.learnenglish.de/culture/britishmusic.htm). Pop music is short an essential part of British culture, not however just as an expression of the way all the British people live with, but likewise as an indicator of the multi-cultural nature of Britain today.The Beatles pop music is undoubtedly the greatest, the most influential and the most successful band both in academia and in business in the register of the whole pop music. The Beatles from Liverpool in the early 60s has created a huge controversial enthusiasm among their fans. It is well known as Beatle venerate today. The Beatles revolutionized pop music in regard to the development in the music itself and influence on the society. The impact they had done on the pop music is so immense that there is no one else can go beyond them. F or the development of rock around the world has made tremendous contributions to the impact of self-60s after several generations of rock bands music and ideas directly affect the rock change and development in the United Kingdom, The Beatles has affected closely every one the bands arrangement and development for to a greater extent than 60 years. They had led the fashion in lots of countries all over the world and also in UK itself in 1960-1970. They had a significant impact on the younger people in UK in 1960s.OUTLINEThe Beatles songs had influenced the generation in their interests of art, their way of wearing, and their attitude and way of living. Until now, the band has been gone for almost 40 years they are still showing strong influence on the whole British society.EVALUATIONThe band of four great musicians, especially John Lennon and Paul McCartney, all corners of the worlds younger rock singer and music creators the impact of which continues today. Although from its inc eption to the dissolution of the Beatles only existed for a decade, but the band as a musical culture revolutionaries and their cultural influence has long exceeded its art itself. The Beatles over the past few decades of time, has set out a popular symbol of music and popular culture, but also became Britains culture and history of a trademark, of them being members of the Queens sealed.The cowcatcher work and creativity have done by the Beatles have constantly inspired the musicians worldwide. In the world today there still has a lot of Beatles band member professional imitators, as well as professional organizations and evaluation of institutions and organizations mimic competition. The Beatles and the Beatles culture has already become the culture of mankind in the 20th century, an important component of the field was forever incised that they, as the last century, a trademark of popular culture has never been any challenge. Following table briefly outlines the major singles and albums made by The Beatles during 1960s. Those songs and albums have been on top of the chart or keeping in the first place of the ranking list. Especially, With the Beatles became the second album in the UK chart history to sell a million copies and this album is described by Allmusic as a sequel of the highest order one that betters the original by developing its own tone and adding depth. (Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2009b). With the Beatles. Allmusic. Retrieved 27 September 2009. Gould, Jonathan (2008). Cant obtain Me Love The Beatles, Britain and America. London Piatkus. ISBN 978-0-7499-2988-6.) . Those praise has clearly expressed the emotion toward the Beatles from the professionals.Table1 The Beatles Famous Music whole caboodleYEARSINGLE SONGALBUM1962Love Me Do1963Please Please MeFrom Me to YouMarch,22,1963Please Please MeEnd of 1963With the Beatles1964Meet the Beatles of AmericanFrom 1964 to 1965Something NewBeatles for dealBeatles 65Beatles VIHelpRubber Soul1966Revol verYesterdayAnd Today1967Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club BandEnter the new century, the Beatles are still often have ripping album come out, their music of these great works, in the new century is still exudes timeless joke of the impact on them once again. After decades of recording the merchandise, often for decades after the dissolution of the band continue to be the list of champions. John Lennon passed away, to hold a memorial ticker in commemoration and to participate in as many as millions of fans the world. In 2001 an outstanding guitarist George Harrison died of illness, such scenes again to reproduce their music and still another generation after generation of the character fans have been attracted by the magic of the Beatles for their obsession. The music of the Beatles music has already passed the boundary of the music itself, it becomes the eternal humanity. sounding at the history of the pop music, it can be found out that, the Beatles is definitely revolutionary, t hey have changed the character of the pop music and changed the attitude of British people toward pop music. The rise of the original rock and roll pop music made the entire music industry upside down. Some well-known pop singers voice like Presley, Little Richard and Lewis and others replaced by rock songs, the five major record companies dominated music industry record companies wife and children have been hundreds of attacks. An adult-oriented market into a white youth-oriented market, these young people are increasingly interested in black culture right. In this sense, the rock is indeed ushered in a revolution. However, the revolution in 1964, when the pop music entered its second decade, it started to abandon the original edge. Mainstream Rock give a moderate rock, pop, surf music, one time, around the 60s rock and roll would lead to divergent views on how to develop. And this time the American society is in disarray. In this case, the original part of the Americans came in th e British rock. In The Beatles band under the influence of the United States is increasingly disperse rock began to regain vitality, and thus set off a rock in the history of a new climax. Although from its inception to the dissolution of the Beatles only existed for a decade, but the band as a musical culture revolutionaries, who not only has the worlds highest, but also futurity generations to make it difficult record prices and record sales, but also their cultural influence has long exceeded its art itself. The Beatles led the sixties and the mid-seventies all over the world countries in the direction of popular culture has become a popular fashion vane anything about all the Beatles have become the most cultural content of goods, while the Beatles had been anything used can be an alarming high price for auction. The Beatles In do-gooder to unbounded magazine covers a variety of other board, but also often on the worlds countries such as stamps and postcards, souvenirs, they have countless museums and documentaries relate topics, films and other related cultural materials go along the organization. In addition, in the world still has a lot of Beatles band member professional imitators, as well as professional organizations and evaluation of institutions and organizations mimic competition. The Beatles and the Beatles culture has already become the culture of mankind in the 20th century, an important component of the field was forever etched that they, as the last century, a trademark of popular culture has never been any challenge.Another important part of the Beatles is their original ideas. They started writing their own music and through their originality a new sound happened. They were so successful, that in order to get famous, other bands realized that they needed to fashion their music after to the tracks of the Beatles. The dress they wore influenced everybody. People even started to slice their hair in the same style as the Beatles did. It was fashionable to take after the Beatles. The effect of the Beatles is no longer limited in Music. Their sound was original and their look was different, this led to the outburst of freedom during the sixties. (What was the impact the Beatles had on people and music? http//wiki.answers.com/Q/What_was_the_impact_the_Beatles_had_on_people_and_music) .They are also described as They influenced the people, that generation not only in their musical preferences but also in the way they dressed and felt about one another. They transmitted all there was to share bowlful their music and lyrics.(The Beatles A Strong Impacthttp//www.buzzle.com/articles/the-beatles-a-strong-impact.html).The following figure depicts the annual income of some top singer or band. According to Apples financial records, as of January 2008, including the The Beatles members, including the alliance paid huge dividends accounted for incredible 56.4 million a year.The impact of the Beatles has drawn lots of attentio n in academia. They took the British rock wind since late 1960s, has continued to attract many followers. Even British universities have set up a masters degree of studying The Beatles. Reuters reports Liverpool Hope University will open a new masters degree courses The Beatles, Popular Music and Society, to enable students to study the cultural impact of the Beatles. The university, a senior Mike Brocken said The market is swamp with more than 8000 books on the Beatles, no one on their academic research, so we want to open this course.The Beatles had been disbanded for 40 years. It is time to study their music. We have received inquiries from abroad, particularly in the United States. Liverpool Hope University is the first to set up a masters degree-granting institution of The Beatles in British. It may be the only one. Liverpool is the hometown of the Beatles, in addition to the masters program, where there is the Beatles museum, and even the airport is named Liverpool John Len non Airport.I have to say the most important mark the Beatles left on this society and for future generations is the popularisation of the Beatle wig. I still have several and wear them proudly. (The Beatles Literary Anthology Edited by Mike Evans, page 87, 2004, ISBN 0 85965 315 3)The decadent image of the Beatles which is characterized by their long hair, tight jeans and leisure tops have been a fashion until now. The influence of the Beatles is immense even beyond the boundary of nations. The Beatles has been recognized the invasion of the United States as British in the 1960s, representatives and influence extended to the 1960s of social and cultural revolution. In the 1970s, the band was dissolved, the members of an individual singers posture continued to develop. Recording industry Association of the United States according to official statistics, the Beatles is the highest-selling singers in the United States, with a total sales of more than 170 million, while global sales o f more than 1 billion.CONCLUSIONThe Beatles inherited the results of the first decade of rock and roll, with their creativity and innovation to enrich and develop the rock to rock and roll into a new historical stage. Since then, the rock is no longer just pure entertainment music. It has more people thinking something more hidden behind the music thing. That is the magic of Beatles and they had done something special to change the peoples attitude towards rock music. They had redefined the meaning of the rock music. 60 years growing up in British and American young people, rarely fail to be associated with their songs. It can be said that their songs influenced a generation of artistic taste, clothing hair style, lifestyle and attitude towards life. The Beatles The emergence of more scholars began to study the phenomenon of rock music, and rock and roll music and lyrics, and their subsequent university courses are also offered rock (which is unthinkable in the early 60s).The Beatle s led the sixties and the seventies all over the world countries in the direction of popular culture. They have become a popular fashion vane. In fact, anything about all the Beatles have become the most cultural content of goods, while the Beatles had been anything used can be a shocking high price for auction. In addition to countless magazine covers and a variety of other board, but also often on the worlds countries such as stamps and postcards, souvenirs, The Beatles have countless museums and documentaries related topics, films and other related cultural materials Save the organization.RECOMMODATIONOne thing I would like to recommend the company for the Beatles is to let people from the eastern world know more about this band not only their songs or albums but also their background and their inventive work in order to inspire more people to love them to understand them and to create more treasure in all areas.REFERENCES1. British pop Music http//www.learnenglish.de/culture/bri tishmusic.htm2. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2009b). With the Beatles. Allmusic. Retrieved 27 September 2009. Gould, Jonathan (2008). Cant Buy Me Love The Beatles, Britain and America. London Piatkus. ISBN 978-0-7499-2988-6.3. What was the impact the Beatles had on people and music? http//wiki.answers.com/Q/What_was_the_impact_the_Beatles_had_on_people_and_music4. The Beatles A Strong Impact http//www.buzzle.com/articles/the-beatles-a-strong-impact.html5. The Beatles Impact, Influence and Empowerment http//www.suite101.com/article.cfm/america_circa_60s/86384/16. The Beatles Literary Anthology Edited by Mike Evans, page 87, 2004, ISBN 0 85965 315 3

Tourism is largest industries in uk

Tourism is largest industries in uk1. IntroductionTourism is one of the largest industries in the UK. In accordance with VisitBritain (2009a) which is Britains national touristry agency, the economic contri exception of tourism was worth 114.4 billion to the UK economy in 2009 which is equivalent to 8.2 % of UK GDP. On the other hand, VisitBritain (2009a) to a fault comments that, The 31.9 zillion overseas visitors who came in 2008 spent 16.3 billion in the UK, the figures represent a 2.7% decline in volume and 2.3% increase in value comp bed with 2007. App arntly, there be some opportunities and ch allenges for a novel comer in this constancy. Therefore, if the company do non has effective scenarios to manage the uncertainty issues in future, the company go forth in danger, even can not survive. By research secondary data, and some analysis methods namely PSET and sham/Uncertainty lesson, this essay tries to seek the effective scenarios for AirFreedom hold out Agent which is initial venture in British inbound tourism. Moreover, this essay go forth beginning with PEST analysis in order to examining the external calculates. Secondly, Impact/Uncertainty model bequeath undertake for finding the approximately important issues. Then, Scenarios willing design for AirFreedom perish. Lastly, the essay is going to analyse the impact of those scenario on the organisation. AirFreedom Travel Agent is a company first convoluted in British inbound tourism grocery store, which provide variable religious services related to tourism, such as ticket booking and hotel reservation. OECD (2001) indicates that inbound tourism is the tourism of non-resident visitors within economy territory of the country of reference. The 31.9 million overseas visitors who came in 2008 spent 16.3 billion in the U.K. (VisitBritain, 2009a). Moreover, according to a study undertaken by Deloitte (2008), the tourism sector created to a greater extent than 2.75 million jobs, and the number of direct industry employment was 1.32 million. Unfortunately, both number of inbound visits and inbound visitor spending suffered from decline during the menstruum from October, 2008 to September, 2009 by 9.2% and 0.7% respectively (VisitBritain, 2009b). The importances of U.K inbound tourism is not wholly the contribution to economy but similarly benefits other industry, namely retail industry and transportation.2. Environmental Analysis (PEST)PEST Analysis stands for political, Economic, Social and Technological Analysis, and it is a framework of macro-environmental movers for strategic factors. However, the company is involved in tourism and environmental issues are vital important for tourism. So this essay will examine those factors from five segments and appendix 9.1 shows the factors will assessed. 2.1 PoliticalPolitical environment of U.K. is quite stable. It has positive impact on potential customers.U.K.s transportation infrastructure is both effective and effi cient London Heathrow Airport for example is the aerodrome which the most international passengers landed in 2007 (ACI, 2007) and government plan to expand this airport for more landing capacity. The red double-decker bus is also a symbol of London. In addition, Border policy is another factor, entry fee is the direct result of it. According to UKBA (2008), To encourage even more tourist a new shorter three-month group visa is being proposed at a possible reduced cost of 44. Apparently, the new visa fee policy is a positive factor.Due to growing awareness of the green issues, U.K. Government is planning to declare some policies to protect environment. For instance, on one hand, the main road render duty rate in the U.K. was 0.5035 per litre in from 1 October, 2007 (OPSI, 2008). However, the latest increase to 0.5619 per litre from 1 September, 2009 (HMRC, 2009). As a result, tourists will pay more for the transportation system in U.K. On the other hand, VAT on the airline ticket is also adds cost to travelling, namely Member states of E.U have a minimum standard rate of VAT of 15% (EU, 2006).Adversely, terrorism is always a significant negative factor influence on tourism. 52 throng died in 7/7 London tube and bus bombings (BBC, 2008) and Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes (Guardian, 2009) are two setbacks for British tourism which were happened in 7 July 2005 and 22 July 2005 respectively.2.2 EconomicMost countries of the world suffered from recession by Credit Crisis, except some nations namely China. Baily and Elliott (2009) comment that the GDP at annual rates for the first quarter of 2009 declined 14.4% for Germany, 15.2% for Japan, 7.4% for the U.K., 9.8% for the Euro area and 21.5% for Mexico. Recession resulted in less people travelling beca utilize of acquire power is decreasing. Exchange rate of pound to foreign currency is not strong recently, so foreign traveller can spend less money than before for travelling U.K. For example, one Euro was equ al to 0.68675 British Pounds in 21 November, 2005 (ECB, 2009) and one Euro was equal to 0.89915 British Pounds in 20 November, 2009 (ECB, 2009).Inflation is arising in the level of price of goods and services in an economy in a period time. For example, the inflation rate of U.K. year over year was 1.5455% which compared to 1.0879% for the pervious month (RI, 2009). It means you destiny to pay more money for the same commodity than last month, and it leads to increasing cost for travelling U.K.Seasonality is another issue need discussion because of holidays is the busiest time for tourism market. It also is a problem for this industry, after the peak mollify tourism companies do not have many deals. According to Visitbritain (2009c), the number of U.K. inbound tourists in 2008 was approximately 7.20million, 8.41million, 9.36million and 6.93million by quarter. The percentage of spending of travellers who visit U.K. was 19% and 32% in January-March and July-September in 2008 respec tively. 2.3 SocialAs a result of the increasing concerned on environmental issues on tourism linked to such as carbon footprint. People who think on the green issues will refuse to travel in order to reduce the CO2 emission.Spread of complaint is vitally important for a countrys inbound tourism. People do not want to travel to places which spread serious disease such as SARS. In accordance with NHS (2009), There were an estimated 53,000 new infections in the past week, down from 64,000 the week before. It is a negative symbol for U.K. inbounds tourism industry. Safe nations are more attractive than insecurity. Travellers do not want to be involved in crime during their journey. Home office (2009) points out U.K. experienced a 45% down of all BCS crime from 1995 to 2008/09 which is favourable. On the other hand, social event is another positive factor for tourism, such as FIFA World Cup. The examples in Britain are the activities of Royal Family and 2002 landed estate Games in Ma nchester. For example, Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia host the 1998 commonwealth games, and about 60,000 tourists visited Kuala Lumpur in 1988 (FCO, 2009). 2.4 TechnologicalOn-line booking is a method booking ticket of plane or other type transportation which is the result from rapid development of technology. It saves time and money of both companies and consumers.Furthermore, hospitality network system is another example for tourism industry. It is useful to the travelling agencies provide package service including flight ticket and hotel booking.Moreover, the technology development is also affecting the manufacture. Aircraft become more efficient, for instance new aircraft are 70% more fuel efficient than 40 years ago and 20% better than 10 years ago (IATA, 2009). It is not entirely saves the cost of aircraft operators but also reduces CO2 emissions. The efficient airplane resulted in lower price of ticket and lower air pollution. It attracts more tourists which is including people wh o are concern on green issues.2.5 EnvironmentalIn the first place, the average total annual sunshine from 1971 to 2000 in U.K. was only 1354.9 hours (Met Office, n.d.). Secondly, the high latitude and pissed to a large ocean of the west caused U.K. experiences strong winds. After that, the average days of rainfall1mm were 154.4 days during 1971 to 2000 (Met Office, n.d.). Lastly, U.K. some times suffered from flood which is negative factor to tourism (Environment Agency, 2009).Graceful environment of the travel destinations is attractive. Environment of U.K. is pretty clean. According to EEA (2009), the measurement stations of air quality of U.K are slight. 3. Impact/Uncertainty ModelImpact/Uncertainty model is an effective tool for examining the factors which are impact on British tourism. The chart below is the Impact/Uncertainty model for U.K. inbounds tourism. terrorism always has negative impact on the destinations, especially, tourism. People travel to other countries in holi days for fun, and they do not the trip make their life in danger. For instance, the al-Gamaa al-Islamiyas round out happened in Eygpt resulted in 62 deaths, and 58 of which were overseas tourists (Essner, 2003). Essner (2003) is also cites that international tourists avoided came to Egypt owing to 13% decline in arrivals. On the other hand, it is difficult to predict.Meanwhile, swap rate is direct related to the purchasing power of overseas tourists. Moreover, it is unpredictable because of the exchange rate fluctuates everyday. For example, recently, GBP is weak for exchange to Euro. It is a positive factor for attracting the tourists to U.K. from countries which use Euro. Another unpredictable factor is spread diseases, it influences not only the border policy which is resulted in more difficult to obtain visa but also the security of the destination. Additionally, people do not want go to the place which is possible infected diseases.Overseas travellers come to U.K. by several transportation methods, namely, aircraft, gibe and ship. All those transportation methods use fuel as energy. Therefore, the price of fuel is directly related to the cost of trip. Purchasing power of overseas travellers is another factor impacts on the British inbound tourism. Many factors have negative impact on purchasing power, such as recession, inflation and financial crisis.Extreme survive is not usually happened in U.K and the advanced weather forecast system helps government predict it. It is also resulted in the seasonality of British inbound tourists number. However, it still a negative factor to tourism, namely winds of up to 100mph have hit parts of the UK which was caused damage of property (BBC, 2009).Social events hold by Britain is also attracts tourists to travelling U.K. In future, 2012 London exceptional Games is a brilliant opportunity to encourage U.K. inbounds tourism. Most of the social events are applied by government, so the level of uncertainty is low, b ut high impact on tourism. For instance, in the last quarter of 1999, international visitor arrivals Australia increased by 15 per cent compared to the same time in 1999 (ATC, 2001). Environment pollution is not in the high impact and high uncertainty quadrant. Although environment is essential of tourism, and tourists put pressure on the area, namely overusing pissing resources in hotels and increasing plastic pollution. Consequently, new environmental legislations will regulate the market, but the impact and uncertainty level are low.4. Scenario PlanningThere are four scenarios below designed for AirFreedom based on the findings of Impact/Uncertainty model above. Appendix 9.2 shows the developing of the four scenarios. The four scenarios will describe below.Scenario A Crusades, it arises in the situation which U.K. suffers from terrorism and GBP is weak to other currency. It will leads to the demand of U.K. inbound tourism decrease in long-term and government will restrain overs eas tourist enter to certain places. On the other hand, the infrastructure and environment will damage by terrorism. However, the travelling cost will reduce, and it will attract customers who take advantage of price. Scenario B Pandoras Box happens when U.K. with terrorism and GBP is strong to other currency. It resulted in demand of U.K. inbound tourism dropping sharply in long-term and significant financial losses. Some problem namely rising unemployment rate and crime rate will increase. On the other hand, the government will declare entry regulation owing to terrorism. The situation of Scenario C Heavenly Love is similar to the present which U.K. inbound tourism is a sunset industry without terrorism and GBP is weak to other currency. Due to the circumstance, the travelling cost will decline and U.K. government will encourage inbound tourism for example, overseas tourists easygoing to obtain entry clearance.Scenario D Seraphim occurring when GBP is strong to other currency and without terrorism. As a result, the demand of U.K. inbound travel reduce in short-term collectible to the costly tourism spending. Instead, overseas travellers will go to alternative destinations and possibly U.K. government will encourage this industry by entry policy.5. AnalysisAirFreedom as a new player in British inbound market, those scenarios are vitally important for the company, because of the trend of British tourism is directly related to not only the external competition but also the internal operation of AirFreedom. The table in appendix 9.4 shows the implications of each scenario on the company.Crusades the market share will rapidly decrease in long-term and the company need to afford extra expense to hire security staff. On the other hand, AirFreedom will focus on the tourists who take advantage of price under this circumstance by penetration pricing strategy. Moreover, the company should deem about reduce the price of service by cooperation.Pandoras Box the U.K. in bound tourism market will suffer significant decline, and the company need to reduce cost by downsizing. Then, company need also hire security staff. Furthermore, the company should consider venture the U.K. outbound tourism service market.Heavenly Love U.K. inbound tourism will as a sunset industry resulted in potential growth in market share of AirFreedom. The company however should focus on the competitive market with market-oriented pricing strategy and hire more staff for expanding.Seraphim the market share will stagnate or slight decline and people with strong purchasing power will become the main potential customers. In addition, The company need to dismiss some staff for reduce cost and it should also consider enter the U.K. domestic tourism service. The price strategy is also market-oriented pricing.6. Adopt StrategyIn according to Mckinsey (2001), 86% of the biggest business winners come ined market-shaping strategies between 1985 1995. However, AirFreedom as a new comer , the company is not powerful enough to influence or determine the structure of U.K. inbound industry. Therefore, AirFreedom should to follow Adopt strategy which is the company follow the existing structure and then developing with speed in order to capture opportunities in future. For instance, AirFreedom could launch Olympic-Travel Package for expanding which contains the air ticket, two weeks hotel and tickets of several Olympic Games during the 2012 London Olympic Games. 7. ConclusionsIn conclusion this essay has argued that the future developments in British inbound tourism for AirFreedom which is first venture in the industry by several methods, namely PSET analysis and scenario. The question posed at the outset was to evaluate and discuss the future development trend of British tourism. It has been seen that the two most impactful and uncertainly issues for the industry are terrorism and spread of serious diseases. One can therefore conclude from the proceeding discussion th at the scenarios influence not only the profitability of the company but also the operation strategies. More primary is required for this topic in further research. How much 2012 London Olympic Games will impact on the development in U.K. inbounds tourism under global recession is a key question still not solved. Given the authorized economic climate, AirFreedom should face both challenges and opportunities in this industry.

Psychology Essays Relationship Therapist Client

Psychology Essays Relationship healer ClientRelationship Therapist ClientIn the volume The Process of management and Therapy the actors outline a framework and series of guidelines for becoming a to a greater extent effective psycho healer. The purpose of a healer is to help the client help themselves, gain a better understanding of his thinking, sapidityings and behavior, which depart help him perform better in those aras of living, which fox been limiting.The author withal focuses on authenticity in the blood between healer and client, provides information on clients from disparate ethnic and cultural backgrounds (Afri plunder-Ameri arseholes, Hispanics and Asians), gay and lesbian clients, the senile and clients from different religious backgrounds, and clinical information in regards to conventions, individualistic and family. In this paper I will compare the differences in these therapy even outtings.People go to therapy because they micturate problems and ne ed help in solving their problems. Some individuals, when faced with difficulties whitethorn be able to work them out and that is well. But if they cannot, seeing a therapist can help them choose a path to take for the solution to their problems. A person whitethorn choose to see a therapist on an individual basis. The reason being that they can speak more acquitly one-on-one rather than in front of many people, even if it is their own family.The save draw back in individual therapy is that if the clients problems stem from something going on within a family unit, it could be more difficult for both the client and therapist to resolve some of the problems the client has. In the movie Ordinary People I feel that had the family, as a full-length, go to therapy, and the family unit would view as stayed in tack. in that location is no guarantee that this would have been the outcome but I feel that Conrads m early(a) needed to find a commission to educe her feelings.I feel that deep down inside she felt compassion but on the surface there was a wall which she and her ideal way of living produces, and she just couldnt get through it alone. In individual therapy you get feedback from the therapist, which could be all that a client needs. Making a finish to begin could be monumental in itself and going for individual therapy could key you feel that youre in a safe emotional environment. The client could feel that with the caring therapist there is no need to hold back for fear of criticism or judgment from other.A client who is puzzled by the things that keep happening to them can be shown with individual therapy, wherefore these things happen and what they can do to gain control of their life. Individual therapy also enables the client to quiz at their own pace the origins of there problems and also have a feeling of privacy and confidentiality.There are certain objectives in individual therapy. Clients will establish a relationship of trust to facilitat e to come to terms with their issues. Another objective is to help the client discover and implement ways to diverseness and improve THEIR life and also to promote the understanding of emotion and enhance the clients ability in THEIR relationships. In Ordinary People by Conrad going for individual therapy he attained these goals but the family as a unit still fell apart. This is where I feel family therapy would have helped. Just by Conrads father meeting with Dr. Berger one time helped him see the family for what it was and made him realize that Conrads emotions werent the only cause of the familys problems.In family counseling, the therapist works with the entire family system. Family counseling can help a family adjust whenever there is a exchange in family dynamics or you can barely realize that the family has gotten into a rut and you may want to achieve a healthier style of interaction. There may be times during family counseling that sessions may involve only a few family members or even a single individual.Family therapy usually is initiated by one member going or is brought to a therapist with particular problems. The therapist must then decide which therapist option will best meet the needs of the person or persons seek help. Since change in any one family member inevitably has its impact on the whole family crowd, it is important to determine which option to choose. Family therapy is considered when a family appears to be having bar making the changes needed to pass from one stage to the next. It is an effective way of dealing with problems that are embedded in a troubles family system.It can also be usefully combined with treatment of individual family members. The difference between individual counseling and family counseling is that even though it seems that a client in individual therapy has r severallyed his personal goal if there is still conflict when the family unit it will be harder for the client to deal with his role within the fami ly. One major advantage of family therapy is to learn about how to be part of a separate and at the same time be separate. Many families have difficulty achieving this balance.Either they strain family solidarity to such an extent that individual members have to relinquish their independence, or they emphasize individual independence to such an extent that there remains no family loading whatsoever. Very often the difficulty in balancing these two, underlies the problems that families in therapy experience.It is truly unusual for a family to enter family therapy with the understanding that family change or some change in the structure of the family is desirable. The usual complaint is that someone is acting up and the family is having trouble controlling him/her. The job of the family therapist as opposed to the individual therapist is to help the family develop additional goals in order to expand their perception of the problem related to the group-interaction level. In indivi dual therapy the therapist would be counseling the alleged(prenominal) troublesome one one how to deal with his feelings and how to cope with the family around him and also in individual therapy the therapist is only hearing what his client has to say and cant really get the big picture.There are times when a parent will call a therapist to make an appointment for her child whom she says is acting irresponsible and could not be depended on. She also may explain that there are two younger children in the family and that the sr. childs behavior would have a bad effect on the younger ones. When speaking to the therapist he may suggest that the whole family come to the first session because it would be important to get all the family members ideas about what was going on.After asking each member of the family to explain why they thought they were there it was discovered that each member had a different goal based on individual understanding of what was happening in the family. Had the therapist just seen the problem child he would have helped him/her but not the family as a unit. In family therapy each member has a goal that is different from the other members goal and also the family as a unit has a goal. The therapist develops goals that encompass some significant behavioral embodiment changes within the family.The therapist wants the family to experience a safe environment where no one feels that it is solely their fault for what is going on in the family. Some of these goals may be better communication, improve empathy and understanding, improve the ability to deal with and accept differences, improve independence and individualization and to develop a balance between individual independence and family solidarity.Goal setting in family therapy is connected with the work of the therapist itself and the developmental stage of the family. Whereas in individual therapy just the client and therapist set goals for the client to gain control of what he/she desires. The development of the family relationship dynamic is crucial to individual person development. Effective communication passim the family is very important. separately member of the family must have a choice and be listened to.Group therapy is different from individual therapy in a subprogram of ways. One difference is the number of people in the room with the therapist. Originally group therapy was used as a cost-saving measure, in institutional settings where many people needed psychologists to discover that the group experience benefited people in many ways that were not always addressed in individual therapy.Since we live and interact with people everyday, we know how sound it is when we take the time to share our experiences and challenges with others. In group therapy it provides a place to come together with other. Here the client can share problems and concerns and learn from and with each other. The client can get support and knowledge from other group members and also given the opportunity to experiment new behaviors in front of the group. There is another difference between individual and group therapy, at least not in the same way. In group therapy you would get feedback from a group as opposed to just the therapist. Also in group therapy there is an aire about how group members use each other in their process of suppuration and change.There is also much information that can be attained in a group. For example, another member may know of a book in which your problems are identified and solved, which could be helpful in your own process or there could have been a documentary which could also be helpful to you. Also, you use of body language and how to become more aware of it, is a skill which you can practice. Many people, when confronted with a problem, will respond with I didnt say a thing and not understand why they are being pinpointed with a problem attitude. Body language is a very strong way in which we communicate our feelings and thou ghts but just dont realize it.Social skills is another skill in which the client can learn how to listen to others and share his/her thoughts and feelings in an appropriate way. In an individual therapy session, the client has only the therapist to get feedback from. In a group there is a need to learn how to communicate with each other openly. Most individuals problems stem from interpersonal relationships individuals in a group can openly cover it in the presence of others and help the client help him/herself work them out.Communication skills acquired and learned and developed in a group is an important aspect in any therapy, especially group therapy. If the client has the confidence in he/her ability to make good contact with others it will help him/her to be more confident with themselves and help build their own self-esteem. In group therapy each member has an opportunity to try out new ways of behaving and they also have the opportunity for learning more about how they inter act with others.The main benefit group therapy may have over individual therapy is that some patients behave and reply more like themselves in a group setting than they would in a one-on-one with a therapist. The group therapy patient gains a certain identity operator and social acceptance from their membership in the group. They are not alone. They are surrounded by others who have the same anxieties and emotional issues that they have. Seeing how others deal with these issues may give them new solution to their problems. Group therapy may also simulate family experiences of patients and will allow family dynamic issues to emerge.The success of group therapy is that people feel free to care about each other because of the climate of trust in a group. Most therapy groups do have some basic ground rules that are usually discussed during the first session. Patients are asked not to share what goes on in the therapy sessions with anyone outside of the group. This protects the confide ntiality of the other members. They may also be asked not to see other group member socially outside of therapy because of the harmful effect it might have on the dynamics of the group.There may be risks in group therapy as apposed to individual therapy. Some very fragile patients may not be able to tolerate aggressive or hostile comments from group members. Patients who have trouble communicating in group situations may be at risk in dropping out of the group. If no one comments on their conquer or makes an attempt to interact with them, they may begin to feel more isolated instead of identifying with the group.Therefore, the therapist usually attempts to encourage silent member to come in early on in treatment. Sometimes, a client is recommended to seek individual therapy until their therapist feels that the client is ready to benefit from group therapy. If they therapist does not tie groups he/she may refer the patient to a group therapist while continuing to see the patient i ndividually.After reading the book, the Process of Counseling and Therapy by Janet Moursund and Maureen C. Kenny, I feel that patients gains a better understanding of themselves and a stronger set of interpersonal and coping skills through the group therapy process. In family therapy the development of the family relationship dynamic is crucial to individual personal development. One common goal in all three therapies is the acquisition of communication skills. Effective communication throughout the family is very important as well as communicating in the social circles. Each individual should have a voice and be listened to and also ready to hear what others have to say.

Heart of darkness :: essays research papers

Joseph Conrad led an adventurous life and spent alot of his time at sea, most of his novels and short stories are loosely based on some of his experinces. His inspiration for Heart of Darkness came from his travels to the African Congo, where he witnessed the horrors of slavery and the grim realities of Imperialism. These experinces reflect throughout the book and give it a haunting realism. this instant to the synopsis Heart of Darkness is the tale of a man named Marlow, a seaman and wanderer. It is told through his eyes and from his POV using the 1st person narrative but for the begining where an unamed narrator and couple of men(Marlow included)gather in a boat on the river Thames and Marlow proceeds to to tell the story of his travels in the Congo and experinces in what he describes as the unnoticeable heart of the world - the African Congo(at that time it was still pretty much a black mark on the map with a few British colonies tucked in and out).He begins his journey on a Fr ench Man of War hitching a ride towards the congo where he has been hired to master an old steam boat docked at mouth of the Congo river just near the central Ivory station run by the British.When he arrives at the station he is disgusted by the attiudes of his fellow Brits as they seem too preoccupied with Ivory and the money that can make from it, while exploiting the natives for the express purposes. He soon finds himself Isolated from "the pilgrims" and focuses on fixing the steamboat which has been neglected since the previous skipper was killed. Marlow hears mention of a man named Kurtz, an enigmatic Ivory poacher who runs a station in the furthurmost outskirts of the Congo.Soon word comes in that Kurtz is ill and may die if help is not sent and its our man Marlow who is palced with the task. So Marlow and crew(a hand near of pilgrims and some native canibals on a strict diet of hippo meat) are heading up river in search of Kurtz all the while Marlow is proper more disconnected and removed from his fellow pilgrims. Marlow sees something in the natives that he doesnt see in the pilgrims - humanity. They may be cannibals but at least they have restraint, Marlow thinks, rattling Marlow thinks alot, he starts to wonder about Kurtz.